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root/radiance/ray/src/rt/raytrace.c
Revision: 2.31
Committed: Wed Jun 17 12:53:06 1998 UTC (25 years, 10 months ago) by gwlarson
Content type: text/plain
Branch: MAIN
Changes since 2.30: +11 -3 lines
Log Message:
improved the way ray weights are computed for participating media

File Contents

# Content
1 /* Copyright (c) 1998 Silicon Graphics, Inc. */
2
3 #ifndef lint
4 static char SCCSid[] = "$SunId$ SGI";
5 #endif
6
7 /*
8 * raytrace.c - routines for tracing and shading rays.
9 *
10 * 8/7/85
11 */
12
13 #include "ray.h"
14
15 #include "octree.h"
16
17 #include "otypes.h"
18
19 #include "otspecial.h"
20
21 #define MAXCSET ((MAXSET+1)*2-1) /* maximum check set size */
22
23 extern CUBE thescene; /* our scene */
24 extern int maxdepth; /* maximum recursion depth */
25 extern double minweight; /* minimum ray weight */
26 extern int do_irrad; /* compute irradiance? */
27 extern COLOR ambval; /* ambient value */
28
29 extern COLOR cextinction; /* global extinction coefficient */
30 extern COLOR salbedo; /* global scattering albedo */
31 extern double seccg; /* global scattering eccentricity */
32 extern double ssampdist; /* scatter sampling distance */
33
34 unsigned long raynum = 0; /* next unique ray number */
35 unsigned long nrays = 0; /* number of calls to localhit */
36
37 static FLOAT Lambfa[5] = {PI, PI, PI, 0.0, 0.0};
38 OBJREC Lamb = {
39 OVOID, MAT_PLASTIC, "Lambertian",
40 {0, 5, NULL, Lambfa}, NULL,
41 }; /* a Lambertian surface */
42
43 OBJREC Aftplane; /* aft clipping plane object */
44
45 static int raymove(), checkset(), checkhit();
46
47 #define MAXLOOP 128 /* modifier loop detection */
48
49 #define RAYHIT (-1) /* return value for intercepted ray */
50
51
52 rayorigin(r, ro, rt, rw) /* start new ray from old one */
53 register RAY *r, *ro;
54 int rt;
55 double rw;
56 {
57 double re;
58
59 if ((r->parent = ro) == NULL) { /* primary ray */
60 r->rlvl = 0;
61 r->rweight = rw;
62 r->crtype = r->rtype = rt;
63 r->rsrc = -1;
64 r->clipset = NULL;
65 r->revf = raytrace;
66 copycolor(r->cext, cextinction);
67 copycolor(r->albedo, salbedo);
68 r->gecc = seccg;
69 r->slights = NULL;
70 } else { /* spawned ray */
71 r->rlvl = ro->rlvl;
72 if (rt & RAYREFL) {
73 r->rlvl++;
74 r->rsrc = -1;
75 r->clipset = ro->clipset;
76 r->rmax = 0.0;
77 } else {
78 r->rsrc = ro->rsrc;
79 r->clipset = ro->newcset;
80 r->rmax = ro->rmax <= FTINY ? 0.0 : ro->rmax - ro->rot;
81 }
82 r->revf = ro->revf;
83 copycolor(r->cext, ro->cext);
84 copycolor(r->albedo, ro->albedo);
85 r->gecc = ro->gecc;
86 r->slights = ro->slights;
87 r->crtype = ro->crtype | (r->rtype = rt);
88 VCOPY(r->rorg, ro->rop);
89 r->rweight = ro->rweight * rw;
90 /* estimate absorption */
91 re = colval(ro->cext,RED) < colval(ro->cext,GRN) ?
92 colval(ro->cext,RED) : colval(ro->cext,GRN);
93 if (colval(ro->cext,BLU) < re) re = colval(ro->cext,BLU);
94 if (re > 0.)
95 r->rweight *= exp(-re*ro->rot);
96 }
97 rayclear(r);
98 return(r->rlvl <= maxdepth && r->rweight >= minweight ? 0 : -1);
99 }
100
101
102 rayclear(r) /* clear a ray for (re)evaluation */
103 register RAY *r;
104 {
105 r->rno = raynum++;
106 r->newcset = r->clipset;
107 r->robj = OVOID;
108 r->ro = NULL;
109 r->rt = r->rot = FHUGE;
110 r->pert[0] = r->pert[1] = r->pert[2] = 0.0;
111 setcolor(r->pcol, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
112 setcolor(r->rcol, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
113 }
114
115
116 raytrace(r) /* trace a ray and compute its value */
117 RAY *r;
118 {
119 extern int (*trace)();
120
121 if (localhit(r, &thescene))
122 raycont(r); /* hit local surface, evaluate */
123 else if (r->ro == &Aftplane) {
124 r->ro = NULL; /* hit aft clipping plane */
125 r->rot = FHUGE;
126 } else if (sourcehit(r))
127 rayshade(r, r->ro->omod); /* distant source */
128
129 rayparticipate(r); /* for participating medium */
130
131 if (trace != NULL)
132 (*trace)(r); /* trace execution */
133 }
134
135
136 raycont(r) /* check for clipped object and continue */
137 register RAY *r;
138 {
139 if ((r->clipset != NULL && inset(r->clipset, r->ro->omod)) ||
140 !rayshade(r, r->ro->omod))
141 raytrans(r);
142 }
143
144
145 raytrans(r) /* transmit ray as is */
146 register RAY *r;
147 {
148 RAY tr;
149
150 if (rayorigin(&tr, r, TRANS, 1.0) == 0) {
151 VCOPY(tr.rdir, r->rdir);
152 rayvalue(&tr);
153 copycolor(r->rcol, tr.rcol);
154 r->rt = r->rot + tr.rt;
155 }
156 }
157
158
159 rayshade(r, mod) /* shade ray r with material mod */
160 register RAY *r;
161 int mod;
162 {
163 static int depth = 0;
164 int gotmat;
165 register OBJREC *m;
166 /* check for infinite loop */
167 if (depth++ >= MAXLOOP)
168 objerror(r->ro, USER, "possible modifier loop");
169 r->rt = r->rot; /* set effective ray length */
170 for (gotmat = 0; !gotmat && mod != OVOID; mod = m->omod) {
171 m = objptr(mod);
172 /****** unnecessary test since modifier() is always called
173 if (!ismodifier(m->otype)) {
174 sprintf(errmsg, "illegal modifier \"%s\"", m->oname);
175 error(USER, errmsg);
176 }
177 ******/
178 /* hack for irradiance calculation */
179 if (do_irrad && !(r->crtype & ~(PRIMARY|TRANS))) {
180 if (irr_ignore(m->otype)) {
181 depth--;
182 raytrans(r);
183 return(1);
184 }
185 if (!islight(m->otype))
186 m = &Lamb;
187 }
188 /* materials call raytexture */
189 gotmat = (*ofun[m->otype].funp)(m, r);
190 }
191 depth--;
192 return(gotmat);
193 }
194
195
196 rayparticipate(r) /* compute ray medium participation */
197 register RAY *r;
198 {
199 COLOR ce, ca;
200 double re, ge, be;
201
202 if (intens(r->cext) <= 1./FHUGE)
203 return; /* no medium */
204 re = r->rot*colval(r->cext,RED);
205 ge = r->rot*colval(r->cext,GRN);
206 be = r->rot*colval(r->cext,BLU);
207 if (r->crtype & SHADOW) { /* no scattering for sources */
208 re *= 1. - colval(r->albedo,RED);
209 ge *= 1. - colval(r->albedo,GRN);
210 be *= 1. - colval(r->albedo,BLU);
211 }
212 setcolor(ce, re<=0. ? 1. : re>92. ? 0. : exp(-re),
213 ge<=0. ? 1. : ge>92. ? 0. : exp(-ge),
214 be<=0. ? 1. : be>92. ? 0. : exp(-be));
215 multcolor(r->rcol, ce); /* path absorption */
216 if (r->crtype & SHADOW || intens(r->albedo) <= FTINY)
217 return; /* no scattering */
218 setcolor(ca,
219 colval(r->albedo,RED)*colval(ambval,RED)*(1.-colval(ce,RED)),
220 colval(r->albedo,GRN)*colval(ambval,GRN)*(1.-colval(ce,GRN)),
221 colval(r->albedo,BLU)*colval(ambval,BLU)*(1.-colval(ce,BLU)));
222 addcolor(r->rcol, ca); /* ambient in scattering */
223 srcscatter(r); /* source in scattering */
224 }
225
226
227 raytexture(r, mod) /* get material modifiers */
228 RAY *r;
229 int mod;
230 {
231 static int depth = 0;
232 register OBJREC *m;
233 /* check for infinite loop */
234 if (depth++ >= MAXLOOP)
235 objerror(r->ro, USER, "modifier loop");
236 /* execute textures and patterns */
237 for ( ; mod != OVOID; mod = m->omod) {
238 m = objptr(mod);
239 /****** unnecessary test since modifier() is always called
240 if (!ismodifier(m->otype)) {
241 sprintf(errmsg, "illegal modifier \"%s\"", m->oname);
242 error(USER, errmsg);
243 }
244 ******/
245 if ((*ofun[m->otype].funp)(m, r)) {
246 sprintf(errmsg, "conflicting material \"%s\"",
247 m->oname);
248 objerror(r->ro, USER, errmsg);
249 }
250 }
251 depth--; /* end here */
252 }
253
254
255 raymixture(r, fore, back, coef) /* mix modifiers */
256 register RAY *r;
257 OBJECT fore, back;
258 double coef;
259 {
260 RAY fr, br;
261 int foremat, backmat;
262 register int i;
263 /* bound coefficient */
264 if (coef > 1.0)
265 coef = 1.0;
266 else if (coef < 0.0)
267 coef = 0.0;
268 /* compute foreground and background */
269 foremat = backmat = 0;
270 /* foreground */
271 copystruct(&fr, r);
272 if (coef > FTINY)
273 foremat = rayshade(&fr, fore);
274 /* background */
275 copystruct(&br, r);
276 if (coef < 1.0-FTINY)
277 backmat = rayshade(&br, back);
278 /* check for transparency */
279 if (backmat ^ foremat)
280 if (backmat && coef > FTINY)
281 raytrans(&fr);
282 else if (foremat && coef < 1.0-FTINY)
283 raytrans(&br);
284 /* mix perturbations */
285 for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
286 r->pert[i] = coef*fr.pert[i] + (1.0-coef)*br.pert[i];
287 /* mix pattern colors */
288 scalecolor(fr.pcol, coef);
289 scalecolor(br.pcol, 1.0-coef);
290 copycolor(r->pcol, fr.pcol);
291 addcolor(r->pcol, br.pcol);
292 /* return value tells if material */
293 if (!foremat & !backmat)
294 return(0);
295 /* mix returned ray values */
296 scalecolor(fr.rcol, coef);
297 scalecolor(br.rcol, 1.0-coef);
298 copycolor(r->rcol, fr.rcol);
299 addcolor(r->rcol, br.rcol);
300 r->rt = bright(fr.rcol) > bright(br.rcol) ? fr.rt : br.rt;
301 return(1);
302 }
303
304
305 double
306 raydist(r, flags) /* compute (cumulative) ray distance */
307 register RAY *r;
308 register int flags;
309 {
310 double sum = 0.0;
311
312 while (r != NULL && r->crtype&flags) {
313 sum += r->rot;
314 r = r->parent;
315 }
316 return(sum);
317 }
318
319
320 double
321 raynormal(norm, r) /* compute perturbed normal for ray */
322 FVECT norm;
323 register RAY *r;
324 {
325 double newdot;
326 register int i;
327
328 /* The perturbation is added to the surface normal to obtain
329 * the new normal. If the new normal would affect the surface
330 * orientation wrt. the ray, a correction is made. The method is
331 * still fraught with problems since reflected rays and similar
332 * directions calculated from the surface normal may spawn rays behind
333 * the surface. The only solution is to curb textures at high
334 * incidence (namely, keep DOT(rdir,pert) < Rdot).
335 */
336
337 for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
338 norm[i] = r->ron[i] + r->pert[i];
339
340 if (normalize(norm) == 0.0) {
341 objerror(r->ro, WARNING, "illegal normal perturbation");
342 VCOPY(norm, r->ron);
343 return(r->rod);
344 }
345 newdot = -DOT(norm, r->rdir);
346 if ((newdot > 0.0) != (r->rod > 0.0)) { /* fix orientation */
347 for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
348 norm[i] += 2.0*newdot*r->rdir[i];
349 newdot = -newdot;
350 }
351 return(newdot);
352 }
353
354
355 newrayxf(r) /* get new tranformation matrix for ray */
356 RAY *r;
357 {
358 static struct xfn {
359 struct xfn *next;
360 FULLXF xf;
361 } xfseed = { &xfseed }, *xflast = &xfseed;
362 register struct xfn *xp;
363 register RAY *rp;
364
365 /*
366 * Search for transform in circular list that
367 * has no associated ray in the tree.
368 */
369 xp = xflast;
370 for (rp = r->parent; rp != NULL; rp = rp->parent)
371 if (rp->rox == &xp->xf) { /* xp in use */
372 xp = xp->next; /* move to next */
373 if (xp == xflast) { /* need new one */
374 xp = (struct xfn *)bmalloc(sizeof(struct xfn));
375 if (xp == NULL)
376 error(SYSTEM,
377 "out of memory in newrayxf");
378 /* insert in list */
379 xp->next = xflast->next;
380 xflast->next = xp;
381 break; /* we're done */
382 }
383 rp = r; /* start check over */
384 }
385 /* got it */
386 r->rox = &xp->xf;
387 xflast = xp;
388 }
389
390
391 flipsurface(r) /* reverse surface orientation */
392 register RAY *r;
393 {
394 r->rod = -r->rod;
395 r->ron[0] = -r->ron[0];
396 r->ron[1] = -r->ron[1];
397 r->ron[2] = -r->ron[2];
398 r->pert[0] = -r->pert[0];
399 r->pert[1] = -r->pert[1];
400 r->pert[2] = -r->pert[2];
401 }
402
403
404 localhit(r, scene) /* check for hit in the octree */
405 register RAY *r;
406 register CUBE *scene;
407 {
408 OBJECT cxset[MAXCSET+1]; /* set of checked objects */
409 FVECT curpos; /* current cube position */
410 int sflags; /* sign flags */
411 double t, dt;
412 register int i;
413
414 nrays++; /* increment trace counter */
415 sflags = 0;
416 for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
417 curpos[i] = r->rorg[i];
418 if (r->rdir[i] > 1e-7)
419 sflags |= 1 << i;
420 else if (r->rdir[i] < -1e-7)
421 sflags |= 0x10 << i;
422 }
423 if (sflags == 0)
424 error(CONSISTENCY, "zero ray direction in localhit");
425 /* start off assuming nothing hit */
426 if (r->rmax > FTINY) { /* except aft plane if one */
427 r->ro = &Aftplane;
428 r->rot = r->rmax;
429 for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
430 r->rop[i] = r->rorg[i] + r->rot*r->rdir[i];
431 }
432 /* find global cube entrance point */
433 t = 0.0;
434 if (!incube(scene, curpos)) {
435 /* find distance to entry */
436 for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
437 /* plane in our direction */
438 if (sflags & 1<<i)
439 dt = scene->cuorg[i];
440 else if (sflags & 0x10<<i)
441 dt = scene->cuorg[i] + scene->cusize;
442 else
443 continue;
444 /* distance to the plane */
445 dt = (dt - r->rorg[i])/r->rdir[i];
446 if (dt > t)
447 t = dt; /* farthest face is the one */
448 }
449 t += FTINY; /* fudge to get inside cube */
450 if (t >= r->rot) /* clipped already */
451 return(0);
452 /* advance position */
453 for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
454 curpos[i] += r->rdir[i]*t;
455
456 if (!incube(scene, curpos)) /* non-intersecting ray */
457 return(0);
458 }
459 cxset[0] = 0;
460 raymove(curpos, cxset, sflags, r, scene);
461 return(r->ro != NULL & r->ro != &Aftplane);
462 }
463
464
465 static int
466 raymove(pos, cxs, dirf, r, cu) /* check for hit as we move */
467 FVECT pos; /* current position, modified herein */
468 OBJECT *cxs; /* checked objects, modified by checkhit */
469 int dirf; /* direction indicators to speed tests */
470 register RAY *r;
471 register CUBE *cu;
472 {
473 int ax;
474 double dt, t;
475
476 if (istree(cu->cutree)) { /* recurse on subcubes */
477 CUBE cukid;
478 register int br, sgn;
479
480 cukid.cusize = cu->cusize * 0.5; /* find subcube */
481 VCOPY(cukid.cuorg, cu->cuorg);
482 br = 0;
483 if (pos[0] >= cukid.cuorg[0]+cukid.cusize) {
484 cukid.cuorg[0] += cukid.cusize;
485 br |= 1;
486 }
487 if (pos[1] >= cukid.cuorg[1]+cukid.cusize) {
488 cukid.cuorg[1] += cukid.cusize;
489 br |= 2;
490 }
491 if (pos[2] >= cukid.cuorg[2]+cukid.cusize) {
492 cukid.cuorg[2] += cukid.cusize;
493 br |= 4;
494 }
495 for ( ; ; ) {
496 cukid.cutree = octkid(cu->cutree, br);
497 if ((ax = raymove(pos,cxs,dirf,r,&cukid)) == RAYHIT)
498 return(RAYHIT);
499 sgn = 1 << ax;
500 if (sgn & dirf) /* positive axis? */
501 if (sgn & br)
502 return(ax); /* overflow */
503 else {
504 cukid.cuorg[ax] += cukid.cusize;
505 br |= sgn;
506 }
507 else
508 if (sgn & br) {
509 cukid.cuorg[ax] -= cukid.cusize;
510 br &= ~sgn;
511 } else
512 return(ax); /* underflow */
513 }
514 /*NOTREACHED*/
515 }
516 if (isfull(cu->cutree)) {
517 if (checkhit(r, cu, cxs))
518 return(RAYHIT);
519 } else if (r->ro == &Aftplane && incube(cu, r->rop))
520 return(RAYHIT);
521 /* advance to next cube */
522 if (dirf&0x11) {
523 dt = dirf&1 ? cu->cuorg[0] + cu->cusize : cu->cuorg[0];
524 t = (dt - pos[0])/r->rdir[0];
525 ax = 0;
526 } else
527 t = FHUGE;
528 if (dirf&0x22) {
529 dt = dirf&2 ? cu->cuorg[1] + cu->cusize : cu->cuorg[1];
530 dt = (dt - pos[1])/r->rdir[1];
531 if (dt < t) {
532 t = dt;
533 ax = 1;
534 }
535 }
536 if (dirf&0x44) {
537 dt = dirf&4 ? cu->cuorg[2] + cu->cusize : cu->cuorg[2];
538 dt = (dt - pos[2])/r->rdir[2];
539 if (dt < t) {
540 t = dt;
541 ax = 2;
542 }
543 }
544 pos[0] += r->rdir[0]*t;
545 pos[1] += r->rdir[1]*t;
546 pos[2] += r->rdir[2]*t;
547 return(ax);
548 }
549
550
551 static
552 checkhit(r, cu, cxs) /* check for hit in full cube */
553 register RAY *r;
554 CUBE *cu;
555 OBJECT *cxs;
556 {
557 OBJECT oset[MAXSET+1];
558 register OBJREC *o;
559 register int i;
560
561 objset(oset, cu->cutree);
562 checkset(oset, cxs); /* eliminate double-checking */
563 for (i = oset[0]; i > 0; i--) {
564 o = objptr(oset[i]);
565 if ((*ofun[o->otype].funp)(o, r))
566 r->robj = oset[i];
567 }
568 if (r->ro == NULL)
569 return(0); /* no scores yet */
570
571 return(incube(cu, r->rop)); /* hit OK if in current cube */
572 }
573
574
575 static
576 checkset(os, cs) /* modify checked set and set to check */
577 register OBJECT *os; /* os' = os - cs */
578 register OBJECT *cs; /* cs' = cs + os */
579 {
580 OBJECT cset[MAXCSET+MAXSET+1];
581 register int i, j;
582 int k;
583 /* copy os in place, cset <- cs */
584 cset[0] = 0;
585 k = 0;
586 for (i = j = 1; i <= os[0]; i++) {
587 while (j <= cs[0] && cs[j] < os[i])
588 cset[++cset[0]] = cs[j++];
589 if (j > cs[0] || os[i] != cs[j]) { /* object to check */
590 os[++k] = os[i];
591 cset[++cset[0]] = os[i];
592 }
593 }
594 if (!(os[0] = k)) /* new "to check" set size */
595 return; /* special case */
596 while (j <= cs[0]) /* get the rest of cs */
597 cset[++cset[0]] = cs[j++];
598 if (cset[0] > MAXCSET) /* truncate "checked" set if nec. */
599 cset[0] = MAXCSET;
600 /* setcopy(cs, cset); */ /* copy cset back to cs */
601 os = cset;
602 for (i = os[0]; i-- >= 0; )
603 *cs++ = *os++;
604 }