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root/radiance/ray/src/rt/normal.c
Revision: 2.56
Committed: Sun Oct 10 19:49:17 2010 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by greg
Content type: text/plain
Branch: MAIN
Changes since 2.55: +12 -13 lines
Log Message:
Fixes to sample generation for new -ss option

File Contents

# Content
1 #ifndef lint
2 static const char RCSid[] = "$Id: normal.c,v 2.55 2010/10/08 22:08:26 greg Exp $";
3 #endif
4 /*
5 * normal.c - shading function for normal materials.
6 *
7 * 8/19/85
8 * 12/19/85 - added stuff for metals.
9 * 6/26/87 - improved specular model.
10 * 9/28/87 - added model for translucent materials.
11 * Later changes described in delta comments.
12 */
13
14 #include "copyright.h"
15
16 #include "ray.h"
17 #include "ambient.h"
18 #include "source.h"
19 #include "otypes.h"
20 #include "rtotypes.h"
21 #include "random.h"
22
23 #ifndef MAXITER
24 #define MAXITER 10 /* maximum # specular ray attempts */
25 #endif
26 /* estimate of Fresnel function */
27 #define FRESNE(ci) (exp(-5.85*(ci)) - 0.00287989916)
28 #define FRESTHRESH 0.017999 /* minimum specularity for approx. */
29
30
31 /*
32 * This routine implements the isotropic Gaussian
33 * model described by Ward in Siggraph `92 article.
34 * We orient the surface towards the incoming ray, so a single
35 * surface can be used to represent an infinitely thin object.
36 *
37 * Arguments for MAT_PLASTIC and MAT_METAL are:
38 * red grn blu specular-frac. facet-slope
39 *
40 * Arguments for MAT_TRANS are:
41 * red grn blu rspec rough trans tspec
42 */
43
44 /* specularity flags */
45 #define SP_REFL 01 /* has reflected specular component */
46 #define SP_TRAN 02 /* has transmitted specular */
47 #define SP_PURE 04 /* purely specular (zero roughness) */
48 #define SP_FLAT 010 /* flat reflecting surface */
49 #define SP_RBLT 020 /* reflection below sample threshold */
50 #define SP_TBLT 040 /* transmission below threshold */
51
52 typedef struct {
53 OBJREC *mp; /* material pointer */
54 RAY *rp; /* ray pointer */
55 short specfl; /* specularity flags, defined above */
56 COLOR mcolor; /* color of this material */
57 COLOR scolor; /* color of specular component */
58 FVECT vrefl; /* vector in direction of reflected ray */
59 FVECT prdir; /* vector in transmitted direction */
60 double alpha2; /* roughness squared */
61 double rdiff, rspec; /* reflected specular, diffuse */
62 double trans; /* transmissivity */
63 double tdiff, tspec; /* transmitted specular, diffuse */
64 FVECT pnorm; /* perturbed surface normal */
65 double pdot; /* perturbed dot product */
66 } NORMDAT; /* normal material data */
67
68 static srcdirf_t dirnorm;
69 static void gaussamp(RAY *r, NORMDAT *np);
70
71
72 static void
73 dirnorm( /* compute source contribution */
74 COLOR cval, /* returned coefficient */
75 void *nnp, /* material data */
76 FVECT ldir, /* light source direction */
77 double omega /* light source size */
78 )
79 {
80 register NORMDAT *np = nnp;
81 double ldot;
82 double lrdiff, ltdiff;
83 double dtmp, d2, d3, d4;
84 FVECT vtmp;
85 COLOR ctmp;
86
87 setcolor(cval, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
88
89 ldot = DOT(np->pnorm, ldir);
90
91 if (ldot < 0.0 ? np->trans <= FTINY : np->trans >= 1.0-FTINY)
92 return; /* wrong side */
93
94 /* Fresnel estimate */
95 lrdiff = np->rdiff;
96 ltdiff = np->tdiff;
97 if (np->specfl & SP_PURE && np->rspec >= FRESTHRESH &&
98 (lrdiff > FTINY) | (ltdiff > FTINY)) {
99 dtmp = 1. - FRESNE(fabs(ldot));
100 lrdiff *= dtmp;
101 ltdiff *= dtmp;
102 }
103
104 if (ldot > FTINY && lrdiff > FTINY) {
105 /*
106 * Compute and add diffuse reflected component to returned
107 * color. The diffuse reflected component will always be
108 * modified by the color of the material.
109 */
110 copycolor(ctmp, np->mcolor);
111 dtmp = ldot * omega * lrdiff * (1.0/PI);
112 scalecolor(ctmp, dtmp);
113 addcolor(cval, ctmp);
114 }
115 if (ldot > FTINY && (np->specfl&(SP_REFL|SP_PURE)) == SP_REFL) {
116 /*
117 * Compute specular reflection coefficient using
118 * Gaussian distribution model.
119 */
120 /* roughness */
121 dtmp = np->alpha2;
122 /* + source if flat */
123 if (np->specfl & SP_FLAT)
124 dtmp += omega * (0.25/PI);
125 /* half vector */
126 vtmp[0] = ldir[0] - np->rp->rdir[0];
127 vtmp[1] = ldir[1] - np->rp->rdir[1];
128 vtmp[2] = ldir[2] - np->rp->rdir[2];
129 d2 = DOT(vtmp, np->pnorm);
130 d2 *= d2;
131 d3 = DOT(vtmp,vtmp);
132 d4 = (d3 - d2) / d2;
133 /* new W-G-M-D model */
134 dtmp = exp(-d4/dtmp) * d3 / (PI * d2*d2 * dtmp);
135 /* worth using? */
136 if (dtmp > FTINY) {
137 copycolor(ctmp, np->scolor);
138 dtmp *= ldot * omega;
139 scalecolor(ctmp, dtmp);
140 addcolor(cval, ctmp);
141 }
142 }
143 if (ldot < -FTINY && ltdiff > FTINY) {
144 /*
145 * Compute diffuse transmission.
146 */
147 copycolor(ctmp, np->mcolor);
148 dtmp = -ldot * omega * ltdiff * (1.0/PI);
149 scalecolor(ctmp, dtmp);
150 addcolor(cval, ctmp);
151 }
152 if (ldot < -FTINY && (np->specfl&(SP_TRAN|SP_PURE)) == SP_TRAN) {
153 /*
154 * Compute specular transmission. Specular transmission
155 * is always modified by material color.
156 */
157 /* roughness + source */
158 dtmp = np->alpha2 + omega*(1.0/PI);
159 /* Gaussian */
160 dtmp = exp((2.*DOT(np->prdir,ldir)-2.)/dtmp)/(PI*dtmp);
161 /* worth using? */
162 if (dtmp > FTINY) {
163 copycolor(ctmp, np->mcolor);
164 dtmp *= np->tspec * omega * sqrt(-ldot/np->pdot);
165 scalecolor(ctmp, dtmp);
166 addcolor(cval, ctmp);
167 }
168 }
169 }
170
171
172 extern int
173 m_normal( /* color a ray that hit something normal */
174 register OBJREC *m,
175 register RAY *r
176 )
177 {
178 NORMDAT nd;
179 double fest;
180 double transtest, transdist;
181 double mirtest, mirdist;
182 int hastexture;
183 double d;
184 COLOR ctmp;
185 register int i;
186 /* easy shadow test */
187 if (r->crtype & SHADOW && m->otype != MAT_TRANS)
188 return(1);
189
190 if (m->oargs.nfargs != (m->otype == MAT_TRANS ? 7 : 5))
191 objerror(m, USER, "bad number of arguments");
192 /* check for back side */
193 if (r->rod < 0.0) {
194 if (!backvis && m->otype != MAT_TRANS) {
195 raytrans(r);
196 return(1);
197 }
198 raytexture(r, m->omod);
199 flipsurface(r); /* reorient if backvis */
200 } else
201 raytexture(r, m->omod);
202 nd.mp = m;
203 nd.rp = r;
204 /* get material color */
205 setcolor(nd.mcolor, m->oargs.farg[0],
206 m->oargs.farg[1],
207 m->oargs.farg[2]);
208 /* get roughness */
209 nd.specfl = 0;
210 nd.alpha2 = m->oargs.farg[4];
211 if ((nd.alpha2 *= nd.alpha2) <= FTINY)
212 nd.specfl |= SP_PURE;
213
214 if ( (hastexture = (DOT(r->pert,r->pert) > FTINY*FTINY)) ) {
215 nd.pdot = raynormal(nd.pnorm, r); /* perturb normal */
216 } else {
217 VCOPY(nd.pnorm, r->ron);
218 nd.pdot = r->rod;
219 }
220 if (r->ro != NULL && isflat(r->ro->otype))
221 nd.specfl |= SP_FLAT;
222 if (nd.pdot < .001)
223 nd.pdot = .001; /* non-zero for dirnorm() */
224 multcolor(nd.mcolor, r->pcol); /* modify material color */
225 mirtest = transtest = 0;
226 mirdist = transdist = r->rot;
227 nd.rspec = m->oargs.farg[3];
228 /* compute Fresnel approx. */
229 if (nd.specfl & SP_PURE && nd.rspec >= FRESTHRESH) {
230 fest = FRESNE(r->rod);
231 nd.rspec += fest*(1. - nd.rspec);
232 } else
233 fest = 0.;
234 /* compute transmission */
235 if (m->otype == MAT_TRANS) {
236 nd.trans = m->oargs.farg[5]*(1.0 - nd.rspec);
237 nd.tspec = nd.trans * m->oargs.farg[6];
238 nd.tdiff = nd.trans - nd.tspec;
239 if (nd.tspec > FTINY) {
240 nd.specfl |= SP_TRAN;
241 /* check threshold */
242 if (!(nd.specfl & SP_PURE) &&
243 specthresh >= nd.tspec-FTINY)
244 nd.specfl |= SP_TBLT;
245 if (!hastexture || r->crtype & SHADOW) {
246 VCOPY(nd.prdir, r->rdir);
247 transtest = 2;
248 } else {
249 for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) /* perturb */
250 nd.prdir[i] = r->rdir[i] - r->pert[i];
251 if (DOT(nd.prdir, r->ron) < -FTINY)
252 normalize(nd.prdir); /* OK */
253 else
254 VCOPY(nd.prdir, r->rdir);
255 }
256 }
257 } else
258 nd.tdiff = nd.tspec = nd.trans = 0.0;
259 /* transmitted ray */
260 if ((nd.specfl&(SP_TRAN|SP_PURE|SP_TBLT)) == (SP_TRAN|SP_PURE)) {
261 RAY lr;
262 copycolor(lr.rcoef, nd.mcolor); /* modified by color */
263 scalecolor(lr.rcoef, nd.tspec);
264 if (rayorigin(&lr, TRANS, r, lr.rcoef) == 0) {
265 VCOPY(lr.rdir, nd.prdir);
266 rayvalue(&lr);
267 multcolor(lr.rcol, lr.rcoef);
268 addcolor(r->rcol, lr.rcol);
269 transtest *= bright(lr.rcol);
270 transdist = r->rot + lr.rt;
271 }
272 } else
273 transtest = 0;
274
275 if (r->crtype & SHADOW) { /* the rest is shadow */
276 r->rt = transdist;
277 return(1);
278 }
279 /* get specular reflection */
280 if (nd.rspec > FTINY) {
281 nd.specfl |= SP_REFL;
282 /* compute specular color */
283 if (m->otype != MAT_METAL) {
284 setcolor(nd.scolor, nd.rspec, nd.rspec, nd.rspec);
285 } else if (fest > FTINY) {
286 d = nd.rspec*(1. - fest);
287 for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
288 nd.scolor[i] = fest + nd.mcolor[i]*d;
289 } else {
290 copycolor(nd.scolor, nd.mcolor);
291 scalecolor(nd.scolor, nd.rspec);
292 }
293 /* check threshold */
294 if (!(nd.specfl & SP_PURE) && specthresh >= nd.rspec-FTINY)
295 nd.specfl |= SP_RBLT;
296 /* compute reflected ray */
297 VSUM(nd.vrefl, r->rdir, nd.pnorm, 2.*nd.pdot);
298 /* penetration? */
299 if (hastexture && DOT(nd.vrefl, r->ron) <= FTINY)
300 VSUM(nd.vrefl, r->rdir, r->ron, 2.*r->rod);
301 checknorm(nd.vrefl);
302 }
303 /* reflected ray */
304 if ((nd.specfl&(SP_REFL|SP_PURE|SP_RBLT)) == (SP_REFL|SP_PURE)) {
305 RAY lr;
306 if (rayorigin(&lr, REFLECTED, r, nd.scolor) == 0) {
307 VCOPY(lr.rdir, nd.vrefl);
308 rayvalue(&lr);
309 multcolor(lr.rcol, lr.rcoef);
310 addcolor(r->rcol, lr.rcol);
311 if (!hastexture && nd.specfl & SP_FLAT) {
312 mirtest = 2.*bright(lr.rcol);
313 mirdist = r->rot + lr.rt;
314 }
315 }
316 }
317 /* diffuse reflection */
318 nd.rdiff = 1.0 - nd.trans - nd.rspec;
319
320 if (nd.specfl & SP_PURE && nd.rdiff <= FTINY && nd.tdiff <= FTINY)
321 return(1); /* 100% pure specular */
322
323 if (!(nd.specfl & SP_PURE))
324 gaussamp(r, &nd); /* checks *BLT flags */
325
326 if (nd.rdiff > FTINY) { /* ambient from this side */
327 copycolor(ctmp, nd.mcolor); /* modified by material color */
328 if (nd.specfl & SP_RBLT)
329 scalecolor(ctmp, 1.0-nd.trans);
330 else
331 scalecolor(ctmp, nd.rdiff);
332 multambient(ctmp, r, hastexture ? nd.pnorm : r->ron);
333 addcolor(r->rcol, ctmp); /* add to returned color */
334 }
335 if (nd.tdiff > FTINY) { /* ambient from other side */
336 copycolor(ctmp, nd.mcolor); /* modified by color */
337 if (nd.specfl & SP_TBLT)
338 scalecolor(ctmp, nd.trans);
339 else
340 scalecolor(ctmp, nd.tdiff);
341 flipsurface(r);
342 if (hastexture) {
343 FVECT bnorm;
344 bnorm[0] = -nd.pnorm[0];
345 bnorm[1] = -nd.pnorm[1];
346 bnorm[2] = -nd.pnorm[2];
347 multambient(ctmp, r, bnorm);
348 } else
349 multambient(ctmp, r, r->ron);
350 addcolor(r->rcol, ctmp);
351 flipsurface(r);
352 }
353 /* add direct component */
354 direct(r, dirnorm, &nd);
355 /* check distance */
356 d = bright(r->rcol);
357 if (transtest > d)
358 r->rt = transdist;
359 else if (mirtest > d)
360 r->rt = mirdist;
361
362 return(1);
363 }
364
365
366 static void
367 gaussamp( /* sample Gaussian specular */
368 RAY *r,
369 register NORMDAT *np
370 )
371 {
372 RAY sr;
373 FVECT u, v, h;
374 double rv[2];
375 double d, sinp, cosp;
376 COLOR scol;
377 int niter, ns2go;
378 register int i;
379 /* quick test */
380 if ((np->specfl & (SP_REFL|SP_RBLT)) != SP_REFL &&
381 (np->specfl & (SP_TRAN|SP_TBLT)) != SP_TRAN)
382 return;
383 /* set up sample coordinates */
384 v[0] = v[1] = v[2] = 0.0;
385 for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
386 if (np->pnorm[i] < 0.6 && np->pnorm[i] > -0.6)
387 break;
388 v[i] = 1.0;
389 fcross(u, v, np->pnorm);
390 normalize(u);
391 fcross(v, np->pnorm, u);
392 /* compute reflection */
393 if ((np->specfl & (SP_REFL|SP_RBLT)) == SP_REFL &&
394 rayorigin(&sr, SPECULAR, r, np->scolor) == 0) {
395 copycolor(scol, np->scolor);
396 ns2go = 1;
397 if (specjitter > 1.5) { /* multiple samples? */
398 ns2go = specjitter*sr.rweight + .5;
399 if (sr.rweight <= minweight*ns2go)
400 ns2go = sr.rweight/minweight;
401 if (ns2go > 1) {
402 d = 1./ns2go;
403 scalecolor(scol, d);
404 sr.rweight *= d;
405 } else
406 ns2go = 1;
407 }
408 dimlist[ndims++] = (int)np->mp;
409 for (niter = ns2go*MAXITER; (ns2go > 0) & (niter > 0); niter--) {
410 if (specjitter > 1.5)
411 d = frandom();
412 else
413 d = urand(ilhash(dimlist,ndims)+samplendx);
414 multisamp(rv, 2, d);
415 d = 2.0*PI * rv[0];
416 cosp = tcos(d);
417 sinp = tsin(d);
418 if ((0. <= specjitter) & (specjitter < 1.))
419 rv[1] = 1.0 - specjitter*rv[1];
420 if (rv[1] <= FTINY)
421 d = 1.0;
422 else
423 d = sqrt( np->alpha2 * -log(rv[1]) );
424 for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
425 h[i] = np->pnorm[i] + d*(cosp*u[i] + sinp*v[i]);
426 d = -2.0 * DOT(h, r->rdir) / (1.0 + d*d);
427 if (d <= np->pdot + FTINY)
428 continue;
429 VSUM(sr.rdir, r->rdir, h, d);
430 if (DOT(sr.rdir, r->ron) <= FTINY)
431 continue;
432 checknorm(sr.rdir);
433 if (specjitter > 1.5) { /* adjusted W-G-M-D weight */
434 d = 2.*(1. - np->pdot/d);
435 copycolor(sr.rcoef, scol);
436 scalecolor(sr.rcoef, d);
437 rayclear(&sr);
438 }
439 rayvalue(&sr);
440 multcolor(sr.rcol, sr.rcoef);
441 addcolor(r->rcol, sr.rcol);
442 --ns2go;
443 }
444 ndims--;
445 }
446 /* compute transmission */
447 copycolor(sr.rcoef, np->mcolor); /* modified by color */
448 scalecolor(sr.rcoef, np->tspec);
449 if ((np->specfl & (SP_TRAN|SP_TBLT)) == SP_TRAN &&
450 rayorigin(&sr, SPECULAR, r, sr.rcoef) == 0) {
451 ns2go = 1;
452 if (specjitter > 1.5) { /* multiple samples? */
453 ns2go = specjitter*sr.rweight + .5;
454 if (sr.rweight <= minweight*ns2go)
455 ns2go = sr.rweight/minweight;
456 if (ns2go > 1) {
457 d = 1./ns2go;
458 scalecolor(sr.rcoef, d);
459 sr.rweight *= d;
460 } else
461 ns2go = 1;
462 }
463 dimlist[ndims++] = (int)np->mp;
464 for (niter = ns2go*MAXITER; (ns2go > 0) & (niter > 0); niter--) {
465 if (specjitter > 1.5)
466 d = frandom();
467 else
468 d = urand(ilhash(dimlist,ndims)+1823+samplendx);
469 multisamp(rv, 2, d);
470 d = 2.0*PI * rv[0];
471 cosp = tcos(d);
472 sinp = tsin(d);
473 if ((0. <= specjitter) & (specjitter < 1.))
474 rv[1] = 1.0 - specjitter*rv[1];
475 if (rv[1] <= FTINY)
476 d = 1.0;
477 else
478 d = sqrt( np->alpha2 * -log(rv[1]) );
479 for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
480 sr.rdir[i] = np->prdir[i] + d*(cosp*u[i] + sinp*v[i]);
481 if (DOT(sr.rdir, r->ron) >= -FTINY)
482 continue;
483 normalize(sr.rdir); /* OK, normalize */
484 if (specjitter > 1.5) /* multi-sampling */
485 rayclear(&sr);
486 rayvalue(&sr);
487 multcolor(sr.rcol, sr.rcoef);
488 addcolor(r->rcol, sr.rcol);
489 --ns2go;
490 }
491 ndims--;
492 }
493 }