| 1 |
#ifndef lint |
| 2 |
static const char RCSid[] = "$Id: normal.c,v 2.76 2018/01/10 04:08:50 greg Exp $"; |
| 3 |
#endif |
| 4 |
/* |
| 5 |
* normal.c - shading function for normal materials. |
| 6 |
* |
| 7 |
* 8/19/85 |
| 8 |
* 12/19/85 - added stuff for metals. |
| 9 |
* 6/26/87 - improved specular model. |
| 10 |
* 9/28/87 - added model for translucent materials. |
| 11 |
* Later changes described in delta comments. |
| 12 |
*/ |
| 13 |
|
| 14 |
#include "copyright.h" |
| 15 |
|
| 16 |
#include "ray.h" |
| 17 |
#include "ambient.h" |
| 18 |
#include "source.h" |
| 19 |
#include "otypes.h" |
| 20 |
#include "rtotypes.h" |
| 21 |
#include "random.h" |
| 22 |
#include "pmapmat.h" |
| 23 |
|
| 24 |
#ifndef MAXITER |
| 25 |
#define MAXITER 10 /* maximum # specular ray attempts */ |
| 26 |
#endif |
| 27 |
/* estimate of Fresnel function */ |
| 28 |
#define FRESNE(ci) (exp(-5.85*(ci)) - 0.00287989916) |
| 29 |
#define FRESTHRESH 0.017999 /* minimum specularity for approx. */ |
| 30 |
|
| 31 |
|
| 32 |
/* |
| 33 |
* This routine implements the isotropic Gaussian |
| 34 |
* model described by Ward in Siggraph `92 article. |
| 35 |
* We orient the surface towards the incoming ray, so a single |
| 36 |
* surface can be used to represent an infinitely thin object. |
| 37 |
* |
| 38 |
* Arguments for MAT_PLASTIC and MAT_METAL are: |
| 39 |
* red grn blu specular-frac. facet-slope |
| 40 |
* |
| 41 |
* Arguments for MAT_TRANS are: |
| 42 |
* red grn blu rspec rough trans tspec |
| 43 |
*/ |
| 44 |
|
| 45 |
/* specularity flags */ |
| 46 |
#define SP_REFL 01 /* has reflected specular component */ |
| 47 |
#define SP_TRAN 02 /* has transmitted specular */ |
| 48 |
#define SP_PURE 04 /* purely specular (zero roughness) */ |
| 49 |
#define SP_FLAT 010 /* flat reflecting surface */ |
| 50 |
#define SP_RBLT 020 /* reflection below sample threshold */ |
| 51 |
#define SP_TBLT 040 /* transmission below threshold */ |
| 52 |
|
| 53 |
typedef struct { |
| 54 |
OBJREC *mp; /* material pointer */ |
| 55 |
RAY *rp; /* ray pointer */ |
| 56 |
short specfl; /* specularity flags, defined above */ |
| 57 |
COLOR mcolor; /* color of this material */ |
| 58 |
COLOR scolor; /* color of specular component */ |
| 59 |
FVECT vrefl; /* vector in direction of reflected ray */ |
| 60 |
FVECT prdir; /* vector in transmitted direction */ |
| 61 |
double alpha2; /* roughness squared */ |
| 62 |
double rdiff, rspec; /* reflected specular, diffuse */ |
| 63 |
double trans; /* transmissivity */ |
| 64 |
double tdiff, tspec; /* transmitted specular, diffuse */ |
| 65 |
FVECT pnorm; /* perturbed surface normal */ |
| 66 |
double pdot; /* perturbed dot product */ |
| 67 |
} NORMDAT; /* normal material data */ |
| 68 |
|
| 69 |
static void gaussamp(NORMDAT *np); |
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|
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|
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static void |
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dirnorm( /* compute source contribution */ |
| 74 |
COLOR cval, /* returned coefficient */ |
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void *nnp, /* material data */ |
| 76 |
FVECT ldir, /* light source direction */ |
| 77 |
double omega /* light source size */ |
| 78 |
) |
| 79 |
{ |
| 80 |
NORMDAT *np = nnp; |
| 81 |
double ldot; |
| 82 |
double lrdiff, ltdiff; |
| 83 |
double dtmp, d2, d3, d4; |
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FVECT vtmp; |
| 85 |
COLOR ctmp; |
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|
| 87 |
setcolor(cval, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0); |
| 88 |
|
| 89 |
ldot = DOT(np->pnorm, ldir); |
| 90 |
|
| 91 |
if (ldot < 0.0 ? np->trans <= FTINY : np->trans >= 1.0-FTINY) |
| 92 |
return; /* wrong side */ |
| 93 |
|
| 94 |
/* Fresnel estimate */ |
| 95 |
lrdiff = np->rdiff; |
| 96 |
ltdiff = np->tdiff; |
| 97 |
if (np->specfl & SP_PURE && np->rspec >= FRESTHRESH && |
| 98 |
(lrdiff > FTINY) | (ltdiff > FTINY)) { |
| 99 |
dtmp = 1. - FRESNE(fabs(ldot)); |
| 100 |
lrdiff *= dtmp; |
| 101 |
ltdiff *= dtmp; |
| 102 |
} |
| 103 |
|
| 104 |
if (ldot > FTINY && lrdiff > FTINY) { |
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/* |
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* Compute and add diffuse reflected component to returned |
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* color. The diffuse reflected component will always be |
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* modified by the color of the material. |
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*/ |
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copycolor(ctmp, np->mcolor); |
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dtmp = ldot * omega * lrdiff * (1.0/PI); |
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scalecolor(ctmp, dtmp); |
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addcolor(cval, ctmp); |
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} |
| 115 |
|
| 116 |
if (ldot < -FTINY && ltdiff > FTINY) { |
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/* |
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* Compute diffuse transmission. |
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*/ |
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copycolor(ctmp, np->mcolor); |
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dtmp = -ldot * omega * ltdiff * (1.0/PI); |
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scalecolor(ctmp, dtmp); |
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addcolor(cval, ctmp); |
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} |
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|
| 126 |
if (ambRayInPmap(np->rp)) |
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return; /* specular already in photon map */ |
| 128 |
|
| 129 |
if (ldot > FTINY && (np->specfl&(SP_REFL|SP_PURE)) == SP_REFL) { |
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/* |
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* Compute specular reflection coefficient using |
| 132 |
* Gaussian distribution model. |
| 133 |
*/ |
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/* roughness */ |
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dtmp = np->alpha2; |
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/* + source if flat */ |
| 137 |
if (np->specfl & SP_FLAT) |
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dtmp += omega * (0.25/PI); |
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/* half vector */ |
| 140 |
VSUB(vtmp, ldir, np->rp->rdir); |
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d2 = DOT(vtmp, np->pnorm); |
| 142 |
d2 *= d2; |
| 143 |
d3 = DOT(vtmp,vtmp); |
| 144 |
d4 = (d3 - d2) / d2; |
| 145 |
/* new W-G-M-D model */ |
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dtmp = exp(-d4/dtmp) * d3 / (PI * d2*d2 * dtmp); |
| 147 |
/* worth using? */ |
| 148 |
if (dtmp > FTINY) { |
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copycolor(ctmp, np->scolor); |
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dtmp *= ldot * omega; |
| 151 |
scalecolor(ctmp, dtmp); |
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addcolor(cval, ctmp); |
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} |
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} |
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|
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|
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if (ldot < -FTINY && (np->specfl&(SP_TRAN|SP_PURE)) == SP_TRAN) { |
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/* |
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* Compute specular transmission. Specular transmission |
| 160 |
* is always modified by material color. |
| 161 |
*/ |
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/* roughness + source */ |
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dtmp = np->alpha2 + omega*(1.0/PI); |
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/* Gaussian */ |
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dtmp = exp((2.*DOT(np->prdir,ldir)-2.)/dtmp)/(PI*dtmp); |
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/* worth using? */ |
| 167 |
if (dtmp > FTINY) { |
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copycolor(ctmp, np->mcolor); |
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dtmp *= np->tspec * omega * sqrt(-ldot/np->pdot); |
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scalecolor(ctmp, dtmp); |
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addcolor(cval, ctmp); |
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} |
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} |
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} |
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|
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|
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int |
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m_normal( /* color a ray that hit something normal */ |
| 179 |
OBJREC *m, |
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RAY *r |
| 181 |
) |
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{ |
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NORMDAT nd; |
| 184 |
double fest; |
| 185 |
int hastexture; |
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double d; |
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COLOR ctmp; |
| 188 |
int i; |
| 189 |
|
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/* PMAP: skip transmitted shadow ray if accounted for in photon map */ |
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/* No longer needed? |
| 192 |
if (shadowRayInPmap(r) || ambRayInPmap(r)) |
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return(1); */ |
| 194 |
|
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/* easy shadow test */ |
| 196 |
if (r->crtype & SHADOW && m->otype != MAT_TRANS) |
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return(1); |
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|
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if (m->oargs.nfargs != (m->otype == MAT_TRANS ? 7 : 5)) |
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objerror(m, USER, "bad number of arguments"); |
| 201 |
/* check for back side */ |
| 202 |
if (r->rod < 0.0) { |
| 203 |
if (!backvis) { |
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raytrans(r); |
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return(1); |
| 206 |
} |
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raytexture(r, m->omod); |
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flipsurface(r); /* reorient if backvis */ |
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} else |
| 210 |
raytexture(r, m->omod); |
| 211 |
nd.mp = m; |
| 212 |
nd.rp = r; |
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/* get material color */ |
| 214 |
setcolor(nd.mcolor, m->oargs.farg[0], |
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m->oargs.farg[1], |
| 216 |
m->oargs.farg[2]); |
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/* get roughness */ |
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nd.specfl = 0; |
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nd.alpha2 = m->oargs.farg[4]; |
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if ((nd.alpha2 *= nd.alpha2) <= FTINY) |
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nd.specfl |= SP_PURE; |
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|
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if ( (hastexture = (DOT(r->pert,r->pert) > FTINY*FTINY)) ) { |
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nd.pdot = raynormal(nd.pnorm, r); /* perturb normal */ |
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} else { |
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VCOPY(nd.pnorm, r->ron); |
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nd.pdot = r->rod; |
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} |
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if (r->ro != NULL && isflat(r->ro->otype)) |
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nd.specfl |= SP_FLAT; |
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if (nd.pdot < .001) |
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nd.pdot = .001; /* non-zero for dirnorm() */ |
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multcolor(nd.mcolor, r->pcol); /* modify material color */ |
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nd.rspec = m->oargs.farg[3]; |
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/* compute Fresnel approx. */ |
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if (nd.specfl & SP_PURE && nd.rspec >= FRESTHRESH) { |
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fest = FRESNE(nd.pdot); |
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nd.rspec += fest*(1. - nd.rspec); |
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} else |
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fest = 0.; |
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/* compute transmission */ |
| 242 |
if (m->otype == MAT_TRANS) { |
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nd.trans = m->oargs.farg[5]*(1.0 - nd.rspec); |
| 244 |
nd.tspec = nd.trans * m->oargs.farg[6]; |
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nd.tdiff = nd.trans - nd.tspec; |
| 246 |
if (nd.tspec > FTINY) { |
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nd.specfl |= SP_TRAN; |
| 248 |
/* check threshold */ |
| 249 |
if (!(nd.specfl & SP_PURE) && |
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specthresh >= nd.tspec-FTINY) |
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nd.specfl |= SP_TBLT; |
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if (!hastexture || r->crtype & (SHADOW|AMBIENT)) { |
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VCOPY(nd.prdir, r->rdir); |
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} else { |
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/* perturb */ |
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VSUB(nd.prdir, r->rdir, r->pert); |
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if (DOT(nd.prdir, r->ron) < -FTINY) |
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normalize(nd.prdir); /* OK */ |
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else |
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VCOPY(nd.prdir, r->rdir); |
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} |
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} |
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} else |
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nd.tdiff = nd.tspec = nd.trans = 0.0; |
| 265 |
/* transmitted ray */ |
| 266 |
|
| 267 |
if ((nd.specfl&(SP_TRAN|SP_PURE|SP_TBLT)) == (SP_TRAN|SP_PURE)) { |
| 268 |
RAY lr; |
| 269 |
copycolor(lr.rcoef, nd.mcolor); /* modified by color */ |
| 270 |
scalecolor(lr.rcoef, nd.tspec); |
| 271 |
if (rayorigin(&lr, TRANS, r, lr.rcoef) == 0) { |
| 272 |
VCOPY(lr.rdir, nd.prdir); |
| 273 |
rayvalue(&lr); |
| 274 |
multcolor(lr.rcol, lr.rcoef); |
| 275 |
addcolor(r->rcol, lr.rcol); |
| 276 |
r->rxt = r->rot + raydistance(&lr); |
| 277 |
} |
| 278 |
} |
| 279 |
|
| 280 |
if (r->crtype & SHADOW) /* the rest is shadow */ |
| 281 |
return(1); |
| 282 |
/* get specular reflection */ |
| 283 |
if (nd.rspec > FTINY) { |
| 284 |
nd.specfl |= SP_REFL; |
| 285 |
/* compute specular color */ |
| 286 |
if (m->otype != MAT_METAL) { |
| 287 |
setcolor(nd.scolor, nd.rspec, nd.rspec, nd.rspec); |
| 288 |
} else if (fest > FTINY) { |
| 289 |
d = m->oargs.farg[3]*(1. - fest); |
| 290 |
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) |
| 291 |
colval(nd.scolor,i) = fest + |
| 292 |
colval(nd.mcolor,i)*d; |
| 293 |
} else { |
| 294 |
copycolor(nd.scolor, nd.mcolor); |
| 295 |
scalecolor(nd.scolor, nd.rspec); |
| 296 |
} |
| 297 |
/* check threshold */ |
| 298 |
if (!(nd.specfl & SP_PURE) && specthresh >= nd.rspec-FTINY) |
| 299 |
nd.specfl |= SP_RBLT; |
| 300 |
/* compute reflected ray */ |
| 301 |
VSUM(nd.vrefl, r->rdir, nd.pnorm, 2.*nd.pdot); |
| 302 |
/* penetration? */ |
| 303 |
if (hastexture && DOT(nd.vrefl, r->ron) <= FTINY) |
| 304 |
VSUM(nd.vrefl, r->rdir, r->ron, 2.*r->rod); |
| 305 |
checknorm(nd.vrefl); |
| 306 |
} |
| 307 |
/* reflected ray */ |
| 308 |
if ((nd.specfl&(SP_REFL|SP_PURE|SP_RBLT)) == (SP_REFL|SP_PURE)) { |
| 309 |
RAY lr; |
| 310 |
if (rayorigin(&lr, REFLECTED, r, nd.scolor) == 0) { |
| 311 |
VCOPY(lr.rdir, nd.vrefl); |
| 312 |
rayvalue(&lr); |
| 313 |
multcolor(lr.rcol, lr.rcoef); |
| 314 |
copycolor(r->mcol, lr.rcol); |
| 315 |
addcolor(r->rcol, lr.rcol); |
| 316 |
if (nd.specfl & SP_FLAT && |
| 317 |
!hastexture | (r->crtype & AMBIENT)) |
| 318 |
r->rmt = r->rot + raydistance(&lr); |
| 319 |
} |
| 320 |
} |
| 321 |
/* diffuse reflection */ |
| 322 |
nd.rdiff = 1.0 - nd.trans - nd.rspec; |
| 323 |
|
| 324 |
if (nd.specfl & SP_PURE && nd.rdiff <= FTINY && nd.tdiff <= FTINY) |
| 325 |
return(1); /* 100% pure specular */ |
| 326 |
|
| 327 |
if (!(nd.specfl & SP_PURE)) |
| 328 |
gaussamp(&nd); /* checks *BLT flags */ |
| 329 |
|
| 330 |
if (nd.rdiff > FTINY) { /* ambient from this side */ |
| 331 |
copycolor(ctmp, nd.mcolor); /* modified by material color */ |
| 332 |
scalecolor(ctmp, nd.rdiff); |
| 333 |
if (nd.specfl & SP_RBLT) /* add in specular as well? */ |
| 334 |
addcolor(ctmp, nd.scolor); |
| 335 |
multambient(ctmp, r, hastexture ? nd.pnorm : r->ron); |
| 336 |
addcolor(r->rcol, ctmp); /* add to returned color */ |
| 337 |
} |
| 338 |
if (nd.tdiff > FTINY) { /* ambient from other side */ |
| 339 |
copycolor(ctmp, nd.mcolor); /* modified by color */ |
| 340 |
if (nd.specfl & SP_TBLT) |
| 341 |
scalecolor(ctmp, nd.trans); |
| 342 |
else |
| 343 |
scalecolor(ctmp, nd.tdiff); |
| 344 |
flipsurface(r); |
| 345 |
if (hastexture) { |
| 346 |
FVECT bnorm; |
| 347 |
bnorm[0] = -nd.pnorm[0]; |
| 348 |
bnorm[1] = -nd.pnorm[1]; |
| 349 |
bnorm[2] = -nd.pnorm[2]; |
| 350 |
multambient(ctmp, r, bnorm); |
| 351 |
} else |
| 352 |
multambient(ctmp, r, r->ron); |
| 353 |
addcolor(r->rcol, ctmp); |
| 354 |
flipsurface(r); |
| 355 |
} |
| 356 |
/* add direct component */ |
| 357 |
direct(r, dirnorm, &nd); |
| 358 |
|
| 359 |
return(1); |
| 360 |
} |
| 361 |
|
| 362 |
|
| 363 |
static void |
| 364 |
gaussamp( /* sample Gaussian specular */ |
| 365 |
NORMDAT *np |
| 366 |
) |
| 367 |
{ |
| 368 |
RAY sr; |
| 369 |
FVECT u, v, h; |
| 370 |
double rv[2]; |
| 371 |
double d, sinp, cosp; |
| 372 |
COLOR scol; |
| 373 |
int maxiter, ntrials, nstarget, nstaken; |
| 374 |
int i; |
| 375 |
/* quick test */ |
| 376 |
if ((np->specfl & (SP_REFL|SP_RBLT)) != SP_REFL && |
| 377 |
(np->specfl & (SP_TRAN|SP_TBLT)) != SP_TRAN) |
| 378 |
return; |
| 379 |
/* set up sample coordinates */ |
| 380 |
getperpendicular(u, np->pnorm, rand_samp); |
| 381 |
fcross(v, np->pnorm, u); |
| 382 |
/* compute reflection */ |
| 383 |
if ((np->specfl & (SP_REFL|SP_RBLT)) == SP_REFL && |
| 384 |
rayorigin(&sr, SPECULAR, np->rp, np->scolor) == 0) { |
| 385 |
nstarget = 1; |
| 386 |
if (specjitter > 1.5) { /* multiple samples? */ |
| 387 |
nstarget = specjitter*np->rp->rweight + .5; |
| 388 |
if (sr.rweight <= minweight*nstarget) |
| 389 |
nstarget = sr.rweight/minweight; |
| 390 |
if (nstarget > 1) { |
| 391 |
d = 1./nstarget; |
| 392 |
scalecolor(sr.rcoef, d); |
| 393 |
sr.rweight *= d; |
| 394 |
} else |
| 395 |
nstarget = 1; |
| 396 |
} |
| 397 |
setcolor(scol, 0., 0., 0.); |
| 398 |
dimlist[ndims++] = (int)(size_t)np->mp; |
| 399 |
maxiter = MAXITER*nstarget; |
| 400 |
for (nstaken = ntrials = 0; nstaken < nstarget && |
| 401 |
ntrials < maxiter; ntrials++) { |
| 402 |
if (ntrials) |
| 403 |
d = frandom(); |
| 404 |
else |
| 405 |
d = urand(ilhash(dimlist,ndims)+samplendx); |
| 406 |
multisamp(rv, 2, d); |
| 407 |
d = 2.0*PI * rv[0]; |
| 408 |
cosp = tcos(d); |
| 409 |
sinp = tsin(d); |
| 410 |
if ((0. <= specjitter) & (specjitter < 1.)) |
| 411 |
rv[1] = 1.0 - specjitter*rv[1]; |
| 412 |
if (rv[1] <= FTINY) |
| 413 |
d = 1.0; |
| 414 |
else |
| 415 |
d = sqrt( np->alpha2 * -log(rv[1]) ); |
| 416 |
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) |
| 417 |
h[i] = np->pnorm[i] + d*(cosp*u[i] + sinp*v[i]); |
| 418 |
d = -2.0 * DOT(h, np->rp->rdir) / (1.0 + d*d); |
| 419 |
VSUM(sr.rdir, np->rp->rdir, h, d); |
| 420 |
/* sample rejection test */ |
| 421 |
if ((d = DOT(sr.rdir, np->rp->ron)) <= FTINY) |
| 422 |
continue; |
| 423 |
checknorm(sr.rdir); |
| 424 |
if (nstarget > 1) { /* W-G-M-D adjustment */ |
| 425 |
if (nstaken) rayclear(&sr); |
| 426 |
rayvalue(&sr); |
| 427 |
d = 2./(1. + np->rp->rod/d); |
| 428 |
scalecolor(sr.rcol, d); |
| 429 |
addcolor(scol, sr.rcol); |
| 430 |
} else { |
| 431 |
rayvalue(&sr); |
| 432 |
multcolor(sr.rcol, sr.rcoef); |
| 433 |
addcolor(np->rp->rcol, sr.rcol); |
| 434 |
} |
| 435 |
++nstaken; |
| 436 |
} |
| 437 |
if (nstarget > 1) { /* final W-G-M-D weighting */ |
| 438 |
multcolor(scol, sr.rcoef); |
| 439 |
d = (double)nstarget/ntrials; |
| 440 |
scalecolor(scol, d); |
| 441 |
addcolor(np->rp->rcol, scol); |
| 442 |
} |
| 443 |
ndims--; |
| 444 |
} |
| 445 |
/* compute transmission */ |
| 446 |
copycolor(sr.rcoef, np->mcolor); /* modified by color */ |
| 447 |
scalecolor(sr.rcoef, np->tspec); |
| 448 |
if ((np->specfl & (SP_TRAN|SP_TBLT)) == SP_TRAN && |
| 449 |
rayorigin(&sr, SPECULAR, np->rp, sr.rcoef) == 0) { |
| 450 |
nstarget = 1; |
| 451 |
if (specjitter > 1.5) { /* multiple samples? */ |
| 452 |
nstarget = specjitter*np->rp->rweight + .5; |
| 453 |
if (sr.rweight <= minweight*nstarget) |
| 454 |
nstarget = sr.rweight/minweight; |
| 455 |
if (nstarget > 1) { |
| 456 |
d = 1./nstarget; |
| 457 |
scalecolor(sr.rcoef, d); |
| 458 |
sr.rweight *= d; |
| 459 |
} else |
| 460 |
nstarget = 1; |
| 461 |
} |
| 462 |
dimlist[ndims++] = (int)(size_t)np->mp; |
| 463 |
maxiter = MAXITER*nstarget; |
| 464 |
for (nstaken = ntrials = 0; nstaken < nstarget && |
| 465 |
ntrials < maxiter; ntrials++) { |
| 466 |
if (ntrials) |
| 467 |
d = frandom(); |
| 468 |
else |
| 469 |
d = urand(ilhash(dimlist,ndims)+samplendx); |
| 470 |
multisamp(rv, 2, d); |
| 471 |
d = 2.0*PI * rv[0]; |
| 472 |
cosp = tcos(d); |
| 473 |
sinp = tsin(d); |
| 474 |
if ((0. <= specjitter) & (specjitter < 1.)) |
| 475 |
rv[1] = 1.0 - specjitter*rv[1]; |
| 476 |
if (rv[1] <= FTINY) |
| 477 |
d = 1.0; |
| 478 |
else |
| 479 |
d = sqrt( np->alpha2 * -log(rv[1]) ); |
| 480 |
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) |
| 481 |
sr.rdir[i] = np->prdir[i] + d*(cosp*u[i] + sinp*v[i]); |
| 482 |
/* sample rejection test */ |
| 483 |
if (DOT(sr.rdir, np->rp->ron) >= -FTINY) |
| 484 |
continue; |
| 485 |
normalize(sr.rdir); /* OK, normalize */ |
| 486 |
if (nstaken) /* multi-sampling */ |
| 487 |
rayclear(&sr); |
| 488 |
rayvalue(&sr); |
| 489 |
multcolor(sr.rcol, sr.rcoef); |
| 490 |
addcolor(np->rp->rcol, sr.rcol); |
| 491 |
++nstaken; |
| 492 |
} |
| 493 |
ndims--; |
| 494 |
} |
| 495 |
} |
