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#ifndef lint |
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static const char RCSid[] = "$Id: normal.c,v 2.86 2024/12/19 23:25:28 greg Exp $"; |
3 |
#endif |
4 |
/* |
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* normal.c - shading function for normal materials. |
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* |
7 |
* 8/19/85 |
8 |
* 12/19/85 - added stuff for metals. |
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* 6/26/87 - improved specular model. |
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* 9/28/87 - added model for translucent materials. |
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* Later changes described in delta comments. |
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*/ |
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|
14 |
#include "copyright.h" |
15 |
|
16 |
#include "ray.h" |
17 |
#include "ambient.h" |
18 |
#include "source.h" |
19 |
#include "otypes.h" |
20 |
#include "rtotypes.h" |
21 |
#include "random.h" |
22 |
#include "pmapmat.h" |
23 |
|
24 |
#ifndef MAXITER |
25 |
#define MAXITER 10 /* maximum # specular ray attempts */ |
26 |
#endif |
27 |
/* estimate of Fresnel function */ |
28 |
#define FRESNE(ci) (exp(-5.85*(ci)) - 0.00202943064) |
29 |
#define FRESTHRESH 0.017999 /* minimum specularity for approx. */ |
30 |
|
31 |
|
32 |
/* |
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* This routine implements the isotropic Gaussian |
34 |
* model described by Ward in Siggraph `92 article. |
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* We orient the surface towards the incoming ray, so a single |
36 |
* surface can be used to represent an infinitely thin object. |
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* |
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* Arguments for MAT_PLASTIC and MAT_METAL are: |
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* red grn blu specular-frac. facet-slope |
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* |
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* Arguments for MAT_TRANS are: |
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* red grn blu rspec rough trans tspec |
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*/ |
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|
45 |
/* specularity flags */ |
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#define SP_REFL 01 /* has reflected specular component */ |
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#define SP_TRAN 02 /* has transmitted specular */ |
48 |
#define SP_PURE 04 /* purely specular (zero roughness) */ |
49 |
#define SP_FLAT 010 /* flat reflecting surface */ |
50 |
#define SP_RBLT 020 /* reflection below sample threshold */ |
51 |
#define SP_TBLT 040 /* transmission below threshold */ |
52 |
|
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typedef struct { |
54 |
OBJREC *mp; /* material pointer */ |
55 |
RAY *rp; /* ray pointer */ |
56 |
short specfl; /* specularity flags, defined above */ |
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SCOLOR mcolor; /* color of this material */ |
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SCOLOR scolor; /* color of specular component */ |
59 |
FVECT prdir; /* vector in transmitted direction */ |
60 |
double alpha2; /* roughness squared */ |
61 |
double rdiff, rspec; /* reflected specular, diffuse */ |
62 |
double trans; /* transmissivity */ |
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double tdiff, tspec; /* transmitted specular, diffuse */ |
64 |
FVECT pnorm; /* perturbed surface normal */ |
65 |
double pdot; /* perturbed dot product */ |
66 |
} NORMDAT; /* normal material data */ |
67 |
|
68 |
static void gaussamp(NORMDAT *np); |
69 |
|
70 |
|
71 |
static void |
72 |
dirnorm( /* compute source contribution */ |
73 |
SCOLOR scval, /* returned coefficient */ |
74 |
void *nnp, /* material data */ |
75 |
FVECT ldir, /* light source direction */ |
76 |
double omega /* light source size */ |
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) |
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{ |
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NORMDAT *np = nnp; |
80 |
double ldot; |
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double lrdiff, ltdiff; |
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double dtmp, d2, d3, d4; |
83 |
FVECT vtmp; |
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SCOLOR sctmp; |
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|
86 |
scolorblack(scval); |
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|
88 |
ldot = DOT(np->pnorm, ldir); |
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|
90 |
if (ldot < 0.0 ? np->trans <= FTINY : np->trans >= 1.0-FTINY) |
91 |
return; /* wrong side */ |
92 |
|
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/* Fresnel estimate */ |
94 |
lrdiff = np->rdiff; |
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ltdiff = np->tdiff; |
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if (np->specfl & SP_PURE && np->rspec >= FRESTHRESH && |
97 |
(lrdiff > FTINY) | (ltdiff > FTINY)) { |
98 |
dtmp = 1. - FRESNE(fabs(ldot)); |
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lrdiff *= dtmp; |
100 |
ltdiff *= dtmp; |
101 |
} |
102 |
|
103 |
if ((ldot > FTINY) & (lrdiff > FTINY)) { |
104 |
/* |
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* Compute and add diffuse reflected component to returned |
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* color. The diffuse reflected component will always be |
107 |
* modified by the color of the material. |
108 |
*/ |
109 |
copyscolor(sctmp, np->mcolor); |
110 |
dtmp = ldot * omega * lrdiff * (1.0/PI); |
111 |
scalescolor(sctmp, dtmp); |
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saddscolor(scval, sctmp); |
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} |
114 |
|
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if ((ldot < -FTINY) & (ltdiff > FTINY)) { |
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/* |
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* Compute diffuse transmission. |
118 |
*/ |
119 |
copyscolor(sctmp, np->mcolor); |
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dtmp = -ldot * omega * ltdiff * (1.0/PI); |
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scalescolor(sctmp, dtmp); |
122 |
saddscolor(scval, sctmp); |
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} |
124 |
|
125 |
if (ambRayInPmap(np->rp)) |
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return; /* specular already in photon map */ |
127 |
|
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if ((ldot > FTINY) & ((np->specfl&(SP_REFL|SP_PURE)) == SP_REFL)) { |
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/* |
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* Compute specular reflection coefficient using |
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* Gaussian distribution model. |
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*/ |
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/* roughness */ |
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dtmp = np->alpha2; |
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/* + source if flat */ |
136 |
if (np->specfl & SP_FLAT) |
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dtmp += (1. - dstrsrc) * omega * (0.25/PI); |
138 |
/* half vector */ |
139 |
VSUB(vtmp, ldir, np->rp->rdir); |
140 |
d2 = DOT(vtmp, np->pnorm); |
141 |
d2 *= d2; |
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d3 = DOT(vtmp,vtmp); |
143 |
d4 = (d3 - d2) / d2; |
144 |
/* new W-G-M-D model */ |
145 |
dtmp = exp(-d4/dtmp) * d3 / (PI * d2*d2 * dtmp); |
146 |
/* worth using? */ |
147 |
if (dtmp > FTINY) { |
148 |
copyscolor(sctmp, np->scolor); |
149 |
dtmp *= ldot * omega; |
150 |
scalescolor(sctmp, dtmp); |
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saddscolor(scval, sctmp); |
152 |
} |
153 |
} |
154 |
|
155 |
|
156 |
if ((ldot < -FTINY) & ((np->specfl&(SP_TRAN|SP_PURE)) == SP_TRAN)) { |
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/* |
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* Compute specular transmission. Specular transmission |
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* is always modified by material color. |
160 |
*/ |
161 |
/* roughness + source */ |
162 |
dtmp = np->alpha2 + omega*(1.0/PI); |
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/* Gaussian */ |
164 |
dtmp = exp((2.*DOT(np->prdir,ldir)-2.)/dtmp)/(PI*dtmp); |
165 |
/* worth using? */ |
166 |
if (dtmp > FTINY) { |
167 |
copyscolor(sctmp, np->mcolor); |
168 |
dtmp *= np->tspec * omega * sqrt(-ldot/np->pdot); |
169 |
scalescolor(sctmp, dtmp); |
170 |
saddscolor(scval, sctmp); |
171 |
} |
172 |
} |
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} |
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|
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|
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int |
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m_normal( /* color a ray that hit something normal */ |
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OBJREC *m, |
179 |
RAY *r |
180 |
) |
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{ |
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NORMDAT nd; |
183 |
double fest; |
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int hastexture; |
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double d; |
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SCOLOR sctmp; |
187 |
int i; |
188 |
|
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/* PMAP: skip transmitted shadow ray if accounted for in photon map */ |
190 |
/* No longer needed? |
191 |
if (shadowRayInPmap(r) || ambRayInPmap(r)) |
192 |
return(1); */ |
193 |
|
194 |
/* easy shadow test */ |
195 |
if (r->crtype & SHADOW && m->otype != MAT_TRANS) |
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return(1); |
197 |
|
198 |
if (m->oargs.nfargs != (m->otype == MAT_TRANS ? 7 : 5)) |
199 |
objerror(m, USER, "bad number of arguments"); |
200 |
/* check for back side */ |
201 |
if (r->rod < 0.0) { |
202 |
if (!backvis) { |
203 |
raytrans(r); |
204 |
return(1); |
205 |
} |
206 |
raytexture(r, m->omod); |
207 |
flipsurface(r); /* reorient if backvis */ |
208 |
} else |
209 |
raytexture(r, m->omod); |
210 |
nd.mp = m; |
211 |
nd.rp = r; |
212 |
/* get material color */ |
213 |
setscolor(nd.mcolor, m->oargs.farg[0], |
214 |
m->oargs.farg[1], |
215 |
m->oargs.farg[2]); |
216 |
/* get roughness */ |
217 |
nd.specfl = 0; |
218 |
nd.alpha2 = m->oargs.farg[4]; |
219 |
if ((nd.alpha2 *= nd.alpha2) <= FTINY) |
220 |
nd.specfl |= SP_PURE; |
221 |
|
222 |
if ( (hastexture = (DOT(r->pert,r->pert) > FTINY*FTINY)) ) { |
223 |
nd.pdot = raynormal(nd.pnorm, r); /* perturb normal */ |
224 |
} else { |
225 |
VCOPY(nd.pnorm, r->ron); |
226 |
nd.pdot = r->rod; |
227 |
} |
228 |
if (!hastexture && r->ro != NULL && isflat(r->ro->otype)) |
229 |
nd.specfl |= SP_FLAT; |
230 |
if (nd.pdot < .001) |
231 |
nd.pdot = .001; /* non-zero for dirnorm() */ |
232 |
smultscolor(nd.mcolor, r->pcol); /* modify material color */ |
233 |
nd.rspec = m->oargs.farg[3]; |
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/* compute Fresnel approx. */ |
235 |
if (nd.specfl & SP_PURE && nd.rspec >= FRESTHRESH) { |
236 |
fest = FRESNE(nd.pdot); |
237 |
nd.rspec += fest*(1. - nd.rspec); |
238 |
} else |
239 |
fest = 0.; |
240 |
/* compute transmission */ |
241 |
if (m->otype == MAT_TRANS) { |
242 |
nd.trans = m->oargs.farg[5]*(1.0 - nd.rspec); |
243 |
nd.tspec = nd.trans * m->oargs.farg[6]; |
244 |
nd.tdiff = nd.trans - nd.tspec; |
245 |
if (nd.tspec > FTINY) { |
246 |
nd.specfl |= SP_TRAN; |
247 |
/* check threshold */ |
248 |
if (!(nd.specfl & SP_PURE) && |
249 |
specthresh >= nd.tspec-FTINY) |
250 |
nd.specfl |= SP_TBLT; |
251 |
if (!hastexture || r->crtype & (SHADOW|AMBIENT)) { |
252 |
VCOPY(nd.prdir, r->rdir); |
253 |
} else { |
254 |
/* perturb */ |
255 |
VSUB(nd.prdir, r->rdir, r->pert); |
256 |
if (DOT(nd.prdir, r->ron) < -FTINY) |
257 |
normalize(nd.prdir); /* OK */ |
258 |
else |
259 |
VCOPY(nd.prdir, r->rdir); |
260 |
} |
261 |
} |
262 |
} else |
263 |
nd.tdiff = nd.tspec = nd.trans = 0.0; |
264 |
/* diffuse reflection */ |
265 |
nd.rdiff = 1.0 - nd.trans - nd.rspec; |
266 |
/* transmitted ray */ |
267 |
if ((nd.specfl&(SP_TRAN|SP_PURE|SP_TBLT)) == (SP_TRAN|SP_PURE)) { |
268 |
RAY lr; |
269 |
copyscolor(lr.rcoef, nd.mcolor); /* modified by color */ |
270 |
scalescolor(lr.rcoef, nd.tspec); |
271 |
if (rayorigin(&lr, TRANS, r, lr.rcoef) == 0) { |
272 |
VCOPY(lr.rdir, nd.prdir); |
273 |
rayvalue(&lr); |
274 |
smultscolor(lr.rcol, lr.rcoef); |
275 |
saddscolor(r->rcol, lr.rcol); |
276 |
if (nd.tspec >= 1.0-FTINY) { |
277 |
/* completely transparent */ |
278 |
smultscolor(lr.mcol, lr.rcoef); |
279 |
copyscolor(r->mcol, lr.mcol); |
280 |
r->rmt = r->rot + lr.rmt; |
281 |
r->rxt = r->rot + lr.rxt; |
282 |
} else if (nd.tspec > nd.tdiff + nd.rdiff) |
283 |
r->rxt = r->rot + raydistance(&lr); |
284 |
} |
285 |
} |
286 |
|
287 |
if (r->crtype & SHADOW) /* the rest is shadow */ |
288 |
return(1); |
289 |
/* get specular reflection */ |
290 |
if (nd.rspec > FTINY) { |
291 |
nd.specfl |= SP_REFL; |
292 |
/* compute specular color */ |
293 |
if (m->otype != MAT_METAL) { |
294 |
setscolor(nd.scolor, nd.rspec, nd.rspec, nd.rspec); |
295 |
} else if (fest > FTINY) { |
296 |
d = m->oargs.farg[3]*(1. - fest); |
297 |
for (i = NCSAMP; i--; ) |
298 |
nd.scolor[i] = fest + nd.mcolor[i]*d; |
299 |
} else { |
300 |
copyscolor(nd.scolor, nd.mcolor); |
301 |
scalescolor(nd.scolor, nd.rspec); |
302 |
} |
303 |
/* check threshold */ |
304 |
if (!(nd.specfl & SP_PURE) && specthresh >= nd.rspec-FTINY) |
305 |
nd.specfl |= SP_RBLT; |
306 |
} |
307 |
/* reflected ray */ |
308 |
if ((nd.specfl&(SP_REFL|SP_PURE|SP_RBLT)) == (SP_REFL|SP_PURE)) { |
309 |
RAY lr; |
310 |
if (rayorigin(&lr, REFLECTED, r, nd.scolor) == 0) { |
311 |
/* compute reflected ray */ |
312 |
VSUM(lr.rdir, r->rdir, nd.pnorm, 2.*nd.pdot); |
313 |
/* penetration? */ |
314 |
if (hastexture && DOT(lr.rdir, r->ron) <= FTINY) |
315 |
VSUM(lr.rdir, r->rdir, r->ron, 2.*r->rod); |
316 |
checknorm(lr.rdir); |
317 |
rayvalue(&lr); |
318 |
smultscolor(lr.rcol, lr.rcoef); |
319 |
copyscolor(r->mcol, lr.rcol); |
320 |
saddscolor(r->rcol, lr.rcol); |
321 |
r->rmt = r->rot; |
322 |
if (nd.specfl & SP_FLAT && r->crtype & AMBIENT) |
323 |
r->rmt += raydistance(&lr); |
324 |
} |
325 |
} |
326 |
|
327 |
if (nd.specfl & SP_PURE && nd.rdiff <= FTINY && nd.tdiff <= FTINY) |
328 |
return(1); /* 100% pure specular */ |
329 |
|
330 |
if (!(nd.specfl & SP_PURE)) |
331 |
gaussamp(&nd); /* checks *BLT flags */ |
332 |
|
333 |
if (nd.rdiff > FTINY) { /* ambient from this side */ |
334 |
copyscolor(sctmp, nd.mcolor); /* modified by material color */ |
335 |
scalescolor(sctmp, nd.rdiff); |
336 |
if (nd.specfl & SP_RBLT) /* add in specular as well? */ |
337 |
saddscolor(sctmp, nd.scolor); |
338 |
multambient(sctmp, r, nd.pnorm); |
339 |
saddscolor(r->rcol, sctmp); /* add to returned color */ |
340 |
} |
341 |
if (nd.tdiff > FTINY) { /* ambient from other side */ |
342 |
FVECT bnorm; |
343 |
copyscolor(sctmp, nd.mcolor); /* modified by color */ |
344 |
if (nd.specfl & SP_TBLT) { |
345 |
scalescolor(sctmp, nd.trans); |
346 |
} else { |
347 |
scalescolor(sctmp, nd.tdiff); |
348 |
} |
349 |
bnorm[0] = -nd.pnorm[0]; |
350 |
bnorm[1] = -nd.pnorm[1]; |
351 |
bnorm[2] = -nd.pnorm[2]; |
352 |
multambient(sctmp, r, bnorm); |
353 |
saddscolor(r->rcol, sctmp); |
354 |
} |
355 |
/* add direct component */ |
356 |
direct(r, dirnorm, &nd); |
357 |
|
358 |
return(1); |
359 |
} |
360 |
|
361 |
|
362 |
static void |
363 |
gaussamp( /* sample Gaussian specular */ |
364 |
NORMDAT *np |
365 |
) |
366 |
{ |
367 |
RAY sr; |
368 |
FVECT u, v, h; |
369 |
double rv[2]; |
370 |
double d, sinp, cosp; |
371 |
SCOLOR scol; |
372 |
int maxiter, ntrials, nstarget, nstaken; |
373 |
int i; |
374 |
/* quick test */ |
375 |
if ((np->specfl & (SP_REFL|SP_RBLT)) != SP_REFL && |
376 |
(np->specfl & (SP_TRAN|SP_TBLT)) != SP_TRAN) |
377 |
return; |
378 |
/* set up sample coordinates */ |
379 |
getperpendicular(u, np->pnorm, rand_samp); |
380 |
fcross(v, np->pnorm, u); |
381 |
/* compute reflection */ |
382 |
if ((np->specfl & (SP_REFL|SP_RBLT)) == SP_REFL && |
383 |
rayorigin(&sr, RSPECULAR, np->rp, np->scolor) == 0) { |
384 |
nstarget = 1; |
385 |
if (specjitter > 1.5) { /* multiple samples? */ |
386 |
nstarget = specjitter*np->rp->rweight + .5; |
387 |
if (sr.rweight <= minweight*nstarget) |
388 |
nstarget = sr.rweight/minweight; |
389 |
if (nstarget > 1) { |
390 |
d = 1./nstarget; |
391 |
scalescolor(sr.rcoef, d); |
392 |
sr.rweight *= d; |
393 |
} else |
394 |
nstarget = 1; |
395 |
} |
396 |
scolorblack(scol); |
397 |
dimlist[ndims++] = (int)(size_t)np->mp; |
398 |
maxiter = MAXITER*nstarget; |
399 |
for (nstaken = ntrials = 0; nstaken < nstarget && |
400 |
ntrials < maxiter; ntrials++) { |
401 |
if (ntrials) |
402 |
d = frandom(); |
403 |
else |
404 |
d = urand(ilhash(dimlist,ndims)+samplendx); |
405 |
multisamp(rv, 2, d); |
406 |
d = 2.0*PI * rv[0]; |
407 |
cosp = tcos(d); |
408 |
sinp = tsin(d); |
409 |
if ((0. <= specjitter) & (specjitter < 1.)) |
410 |
rv[1] = 1.0 - specjitter*rv[1]; |
411 |
if (rv[1] <= FTINY) |
412 |
d = 1.0; |
413 |
else |
414 |
d = sqrt( np->alpha2 * -log(rv[1]) ); |
415 |
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) |
416 |
h[i] = np->pnorm[i] + d*(cosp*u[i] + sinp*v[i]); |
417 |
d = -2.0 * DOT(h, np->rp->rdir) / (1.0 + d*d); |
418 |
VSUM(sr.rdir, np->rp->rdir, h, d); |
419 |
/* sample rejection test */ |
420 |
if ((d = DOT(sr.rdir, np->rp->ron)) <= FTINY) |
421 |
continue; |
422 |
checknorm(sr.rdir); |
423 |
if (nstarget > 1) { /* W-G-M-D adjustment */ |
424 |
if (nstaken) rayclear(&sr); |
425 |
rayvalue(&sr); |
426 |
d = 2./(1. + np->rp->rod/d); |
427 |
scalescolor(sr.rcol, d); |
428 |
saddscolor(scol, sr.rcol); |
429 |
} else { |
430 |
rayvalue(&sr); |
431 |
smultscolor(sr.rcol, sr.rcoef); |
432 |
saddscolor(np->rp->rcol, sr.rcol); |
433 |
} |
434 |
++nstaken; |
435 |
} |
436 |
if (nstarget > 1) { /* final W-G-M-D weighting */ |
437 |
smultscolor(scol, sr.rcoef); |
438 |
d = (double)nstarget/ntrials; |
439 |
scalescolor(scol, d); |
440 |
saddscolor(np->rp->rcol, scol); |
441 |
} |
442 |
ndims--; |
443 |
} |
444 |
/* compute transmission */ |
445 |
copyscolor(sr.rcoef, np->mcolor); /* modified by color */ |
446 |
scalescolor(sr.rcoef, np->tspec); |
447 |
if ((np->specfl & (SP_TRAN|SP_TBLT)) == SP_TRAN && |
448 |
rayorigin(&sr, TSPECULAR, np->rp, sr.rcoef) == 0) { |
449 |
nstarget = 1; |
450 |
if (specjitter > 1.5) { /* multiple samples? */ |
451 |
nstarget = specjitter*np->rp->rweight + .5; |
452 |
if (sr.rweight <= minweight*nstarget) |
453 |
nstarget = sr.rweight/minweight; |
454 |
if (nstarget > 1) { |
455 |
d = 1./nstarget; |
456 |
scalescolor(sr.rcoef, d); |
457 |
sr.rweight *= d; |
458 |
} else |
459 |
nstarget = 1; |
460 |
} |
461 |
dimlist[ndims++] = (int)(size_t)np->mp; |
462 |
maxiter = MAXITER*nstarget; |
463 |
for (nstaken = ntrials = 0; nstaken < nstarget && |
464 |
ntrials < maxiter; ntrials++) { |
465 |
if (ntrials) |
466 |
d = frandom(); |
467 |
else |
468 |
d = urand(ilhash(dimlist,ndims)+samplendx); |
469 |
multisamp(rv, 2, d); |
470 |
d = 2.0*PI * rv[0]; |
471 |
cosp = tcos(d); |
472 |
sinp = tsin(d); |
473 |
if ((0. <= specjitter) & (specjitter < 1.)) |
474 |
rv[1] = 1.0 - specjitter*rv[1]; |
475 |
if (rv[1] <= FTINY) |
476 |
d = 1.0; |
477 |
else |
478 |
d = sqrt( np->alpha2 * -log(rv[1]) ); |
479 |
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) |
480 |
sr.rdir[i] = np->prdir[i] + d*(cosp*u[i] + sinp*v[i]); |
481 |
/* sample rejection test */ |
482 |
if (DOT(sr.rdir, np->rp->ron) >= -FTINY) |
483 |
continue; |
484 |
normalize(sr.rdir); /* OK, normalize */ |
485 |
if (nstaken) /* multi-sampling */ |
486 |
rayclear(&sr); |
487 |
rayvalue(&sr); |
488 |
smultscolor(sr.rcol, sr.rcoef); |
489 |
saddscolor(np->rp->rcol, sr.rcol); |
490 |
++nstaken; |
491 |
} |
492 |
ndims--; |
493 |
} |
494 |
} |