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<!-- RCSid $Id$ --> |
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<head> |
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<title> |
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The RADIANCE 3.6 Synthetic Imaging System |
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The RADIANCE 5.3 Synthetic Imaging System |
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</title> |
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</head> |
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<body> |
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<p> |
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<h1> |
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The RADIANCE 3.6 Synthetic Imaging System |
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The RADIANCE 5.3 Synthetic Imaging System |
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</h1> |
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<p> |
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</a> |
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|
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<dd> |
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Mirror is used for planar surfaces that produce secondary source reflections. |
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Mirror is used for planar surfaces that produce virtual source reflections. |
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This material should be used sparingly, as it may cause the light source calculation to blow up if it is applied to many small surfaces. |
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This material is only supported for flat surfaces such as <a HREF="#Polygon">polygons</a> and <a HREF="#Ring">rings</a>. |
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The arguments are simply the RGB reflectance values, which should be between 0 and 1. |
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</a> |
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<dd> |
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The prism1 material is for general light redirection from prismatic glazings, generating secondary light sources. |
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The prism1 material is for general light redirection from prismatic glazings, generating virtual light sources. |
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It can only be used to modify a planar surface |
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(i.e., a <a HREF="#Polygon">polygon</a> or <a HREF="#Ring">disk</a>) |
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and should not result in either light concentration or scattering. |
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The new direction of the ray can be on either side of the material, |
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and the definitions must have the correct bidirectional properties to work properly with secondary light sources. |
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and the definitions must have the correct bidirectional properties to work properly with virtual light sources. |
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The arguments give the coefficient for the redirected light and its direction. |
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|
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<pre> |
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The scattering eccentricity parameter will likewise override the global |
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setting if it is present. |
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Scattering eccentricity indicates how much scattered light favors the |
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forward direction, as fit by the Heyney-Greenstein function: |
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forward direction, as fit by the Henyey-Greenstein function: |
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|
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<pre> |
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P(theta) = (1 - g*g) / (1 + g*g - 2*g*cos(theta))^1.5 |
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<dd> |
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Trans2 is the anisotropic version of <a HREF="#Trans">trans</a>. |
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The string arguments are the same as for plastic2, and the real arguments are the same as for trans but with an additional roughness value. |
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The string arguments are the same as for <a HREF="#Plastic2">plastic2</a>, |
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and the real arguments are the same as for trans but with an additional roughness value. |
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<pre> |
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mod trans2 id |
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<p> |
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<dt> |
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<a NAME="Ashik2"> |
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<b>Ashik2</b> |
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</a> |
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|
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<dd> |
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Ashik2 is the anisotropic reflectance model by Ashikhmin & Shirley. |
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The string arguments are the same as for <a HREF="#Plastic2">plastic2</a>, but the real |
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arguments have additional flexibility to specify the specular color. |
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Also, rather than roughness, specular power is used, which has no |
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physical meaning other than larger numbers are equivalent to a smoother |
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surface. |
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<pre> |
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mod ashik2 id |
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4+ ux uy uz funcfile transform |
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0 |
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8 dred dgrn dblu sred sgrn sblu u-power v-power |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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|
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<dt> |
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<a NAME="Dielectric"> |
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<b>Dielectric</b> |
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</a> |
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<p> |
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<dt> |
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<a NAME="BSDF"> |
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<b>BSDF</b> |
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</a> |
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|
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<dd> |
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The BSDF material type loads an XML (eXtensible Markup Language) |
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file describing a bidirectional scattering distribution function. |
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Real arguments to this material may define additional |
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diffuse components that augment the BSDF data. |
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String arguments are used to define thickness for proxied |
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surfaces and the "up" orientation for the material. |
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|
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<pre> |
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mod BSDF id |
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6+ thick BSDFfile ux uy uz funcfile transform |
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0 |
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0|3|6|9 |
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rfdif gfdif bfdif |
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rbdif gbdif bbdif |
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rtdif gtdif btdif |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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The first string argument is a "thickness" parameter that may be used |
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to hide detail geometry being proxied by an aggregate BSDF material. |
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If a view or shadow ray hits a BSDF proxy with non-zero thickness, |
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it will pass directly through as if the surface were not there. |
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Similar to the illum type, this permits direct viewing and |
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shadow testing of complex geometry. |
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The BSDF is used when a scattered (indirect) ray hits the surface, |
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and any transmitted sample rays will be offset by the thickness amount |
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to avoid the hidden geometry and gather samples from the other side. |
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In this manner, BSDF surfaces can improve the results for indirect |
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scattering from complex systems without sacrificing appearance or |
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shadow accuracy. |
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If the BSDF has transmission and back-side reflection data, |
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a parallel BSDF surface may be |
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placed slightly less than the given thickness away from the front surface |
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to enclose the complex geometry on both sides. |
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The sign of the thickness is important, as it indicates |
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whether the proxied geometry is behind the BSDF |
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surface (when thickness is positive) or in front (when |
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thickness is negative). |
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<p> |
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The second string argument is the name of the BSDF file, |
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which is found in the usual auxiliary locations. The |
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following three string parameters name variables for an |
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"up" vector, which together with the surface |
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normal, define the local coordinate system that orients the |
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BSDF. These variables, along with the thickness, are defined |
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in a function file given as the next string argument. An |
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optional transform is used to scale the thickness and |
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reorient the up vector. |
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<p> |
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If no real arguments are given, the BSDF is used by itself |
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to determine reflection and transmission. If there are at |
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least 3 real arguments, the first triplet is an additional |
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diffuse reflectance for the front side. At least 6 real |
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arguments adds diffuse reflectance to the rear side of the |
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surface. If there are 9 real arguments, the final triplet |
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will be taken as an additional diffuse transmittance. All |
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diffuse components as well as the non-diffuse transmission |
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are modified by patterns applied to this material. The |
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non-diffuse reflection from either side are unaffected. |
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Textures perturb the effective surface normal in the usual |
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way. |
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<p> |
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The surface normal of this type is not altered to face the |
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incoming ray, so the front and back BSDF reflections may |
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differ. (Transmission is identical front-to-back by physical |
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law.) If back visibility is turned off during rendering and |
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there is no transmission or back-side reflection, only then |
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the surface will be invisible from behind. Unlike other |
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data-driven material types, the BSDF type is fully supported |
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and all parts of the distribution are properly sampled. |
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<p> |
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|
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<dt> |
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<a NAME="aBSDF"> |
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<b>aBSDF</b> |
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</a> |
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|
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<dd> |
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The aBSDF material is identical to the BSDF type with two |
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important differences. First, proxy geometry is not |
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supported, so there is no thickness parameter. Second, an |
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aBSDF is assumed to have some specular through component |
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(the ’a’ stands for "aperture"), |
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which is treated specially during the direct calculation |
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and when viewing the material. Based on the BSDF data, the |
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coefficient of specular transmission is determined and used |
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for modifying unscattered shadow and view rays. |
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|
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<pre> |
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mod aBSDF id |
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5+ BSDFfile ux uy uz funcfile transform |
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0 |
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0|3|6|9 |
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rfdif gfdif bfdif |
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rbdif gbdif bbdif |
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rtdif gtdif btdif |
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</pre> |
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|
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<p> |
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If a material has no specular transmitted component, it is |
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much better to use the BSDF type with a zero thickness |
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than to use aBSDF. |
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<p> |
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|
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<dt> |
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<a NAME="Antimatter"> |
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<b>Antimatter</b> |
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</a> |
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</h4> |
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|
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A mixture is a blend of one or more materials or textures and patterns. |
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Blended materials should not be light source types or virtual source types. |
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The basic types are given below. |
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|
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<p> |
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which serves as a form of opacity control when used with a material.) |
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Vname is the coefficient defined in funcfile that determines the influence of foreground. |
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The background coefficient is always (1-vname). |
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Since the references are not resolved until run-time, the last definitions of the modifier id's will be used. |
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This can result in modifier loops, which are detected by the renderer. |
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|
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<p> |
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|
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arguments, the red, green and blue values |
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corresponding to the pixel at (u,v). |
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|
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– |
</dl> |
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<p> |
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|
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<dt> |
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the required variables are global, |
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a period (`.') can be given in place of the file name. |
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It is also possible to give an expression instead |
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of a straight variable name in a scene file, |
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although such expressions should be kept |
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simple if possible. |
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Also, functions (requiring parameters) must be given |
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of a straight variable name in a scene file. |
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Functions (requiring parameters) must be given |
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as names and not as expressions. |
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|
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<p> |
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or converted a standard image format using one of the following |
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<b>translators</b>: |
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<ul> |
| 1846 |
< |
<li> <b>Ra_avs</b> |
| 1847 |
< |
converts to and from AVS image format. |
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< |
<li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_pict.1.html"><b>Ra_pict</b></a> |
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< |
converts to Macintosh 32-bit PICT2 format. |
| 1846 |
> |
<li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_bmp.1.html"><b>Ra_bmp</b> |
| 1847 |
> |
converts to and from BMP image format. |
| 1848 |
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<li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_ppm.1.html"><b>Ra_ppm</b></a> |
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converts to and from Poskanzer Portable Pixmap formats. |
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– |
<li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_pr.1.html"><b>Ra_pr</b></a> |
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converts to and from Sun 8-bit rasterfile format. |
| 1725 |
– |
<li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_pr24.1.html"><b>Ra_pr24</b></a> |
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converts to and from Sun 24-bit rasterfile format. |
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<li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_ps.1.html"><b>Ra_ps</b></a> |
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converts to PostScript color and greyscale formats. |
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<li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_rgbe.1.html"><b>Ra_rgbe</b></a> |
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<pre> |
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The Radiance Software License, Version 1.0 |
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|
| 1875 |
< |
Copyright (c) 1990 - 2002 The Regents of the University of California, |
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> |
Copyright (c) 1990 - 2014 The Regents of the University of California, |
| 1876 |
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through Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. All rights reserved. |
| 1877 |
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|
| 1878 |
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Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without |
| 1906 |
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nor may "Radiance" appear in their name, without prior written |
| 1907 |
|
permission of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. |
| 1908 |
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|
| 1909 |
< |
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED |
| 1909 |
> |
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED |
| 1910 |
|
WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES |
| 1911 |
|
OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE |
| 1912 |
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DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory OR |
| 1945 |
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</h2> |
| 1946 |
|
<p> |
| 1947 |
|
<ul> |
| 1948 |
+ |
<li>Wang, Taoning, Gregory Ward, Eleanor Lee, |
| 1949 |
+ |
"<a href="https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1XQ0a1M7zGwT7v">Efficient |
| 1950 |
+ |
modeling of optically-complex, non-coplanar exterior shading: |
| 1951 |
+ |
Validation of matrix algebraic methods</a>" |
| 1952 |
+ |
<em>Energy & Buildings</em>, vol. 174, pp. 464-83, Sept. 2018. |
| 1953 |
+ |
<li>Lee, Eleanor S., David Geisler-Moroder, Gregory Ward, |
| 1954 |
+ |
"<a href="https://eta.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/solar_energy.pdf">Modeling |
| 1955 |
+ |
the direct sun component in buildings using matrix |
| 1956 |
+ |
algebraic approaches: Methods and |
| 1957 |
+ |
validation</a>," <em>Solar Energy</em>, |
| 1958 |
+ |
vol. 160, 15 January 2018, pp 380-395. |
| 1959 |
+ |
<li>Narain, Rahul, Rachel A. Albert, Abdullah Bulbul, |
| 1960 |
+ |
Gregory J. Ward, Marty Banks, James F. O'Brien, |
| 1961 |
+ |
"<a href="http://graphics.berkeley.edu/papers/Narain-OPI-2015-08/index.html">Optimal |
| 1962 |
+ |
Presentation of Imagery with Focus |
| 1963 |
+ |
Cues on Multi-Plane Displays</a>," |
| 1964 |
+ |
<em>SIGGRAPH 2015</em>. |
| 1965 |
+ |
<li>Ward, Greg, Murat Kurt, and Nicolas Bonneel, |
| 1966 |
+ |
"<a href="papers/WMAM14_Tensor_Tree_Representation.pdf">Reducing |
| 1967 |
+ |
Anisotropic BSDF Measurement to Common Practice</a>," |
| 1968 |
+ |
<em>Workshop on Material Appearance Modeling</em>, 2014. |
| 1969 |
+ |
<li>Banks, Martin, Abdullah Bulbul, Rachel Albert, Rahul Narain, |
| 1970 |
+ |
James F. O'Brien, Gregory Ward, |
| 1971 |
+ |
"<a href="http://graphics.berkeley.edu/papers/Banks-TPO-2014-05/index.html">The |
| 1972 |
+ |
Perception of Surface Material from Disparity and Focus Cues</a>," |
| 1973 |
+ |
<em>VSS 2014</em>. |
| 1974 |
+ |
<li>McNeil, A., C.J. Jonsson, D. Appelfeld, G. Ward, E.S. Lee, |
| 1975 |
+ |
"<a href="http://gaia.lbl.gov/btech/papers/4414.pdf"> |
| 1976 |
+ |
A validation of a ray-tracing tool used to generate |
| 1977 |
+ |
bi-directional scattering distribution functions for |
| 1978 |
+ |
complex fenestration systems</a>," |
| 1979 |
+ |
<em>Solar Energy</em>, 98, 404-14, |
| 1980 |
+ |
November 2013. |
| 1981 |
+ |
<li>Ward, G., R. Mistrick, E.S. Lee, A. McNeil, J. Jonsson, |
| 1982 |
+ |
"<a href="http://gaia.lbl.gov/btech/papers/4414.pdf">Simulating |
| 1983 |
+ |
the Daylight Performance of Complex Fenestration Systems |
| 1984 |
+ |
Using Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Functions within |
| 1985 |
+ |
Radiance</a>," |
| 1986 |
+ |
<em>Leukos</em>, 7(4) |
| 1987 |
+ |
April 2011. |
| 1988 |
+ |
<li>Cater, Kirsten, Alan Chalmers, Greg Ward, |
| 1989 |
+ |
"<a href="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/egsr2003.pdf">Detail to Attention: |
| 1990 |
+ |
Exploiting Visual Tasks for Selective Rendering</a>," |
| 1991 |
+ |
<em>Eurographics Symposium |
| 1992 |
+ |
on Rendering 2003</em>, June 2003. |
| 1993 |
|
<li>Ward, Greg, Elena Eydelberg-Vileshin, |
| 1994 |
< |
``<a HREF="http://viz.cs.berkeley.edu/~gwlarson/papers/egwr02/index.html">Picture Perfect RGB |
| 1995 |
< |
Rendering Using Spectral Prefiltering and Sharp Color Primaries</a>,'' |
| 1994 |
> |
"<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/egwr02/index.html">Picture Perfect RGB |
| 1995 |
> |
Rendering Using Spectral Prefiltering and Sharp Color Primaries</a>," |
| 1996 |
|
Thirteenth Eurographics Workshop on Rendering (2002), |
| 1997 |
|
P. Debevec and S. Gibson (Editors), June 2002. |
| 1998 |
|
<li>Ward, Gregory, |
| 1999 |
< |
``<a HREF="http://viz.cs.berkeley.edu/~gwlarson/papers/cic01.pdf">High Dynamic Range Imaging</a>,'' |
| 1999 |
> |
"<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/cic01.pdf">High Dynamic Range Imaging</a>," |
| 2000 |
|
Proceedings of the Ninth Color Imaging Conference, November 2001. |
| 2001 |
|
<li>Ward, Gregory and Maryann Simmons, |
| 2002 |
< |
``<a HREF="http://viz.cs.berkeley.edu/~gwlarson/papers/tog99.pdf"> |
| 2002 |
> |
"<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/tog99.pdf"> |
| 2003 |
|
The Holodeck Ray Cache: An Interactive Rendering System for Global Illumination in Nondiffuse |
| 2004 |
< |
Environments</a>,'' ACM Transactions on Graphics, 18(4):361-98, October 1999. |
| 2005 |
< |
<li>Larson, G.W., ``<a HREF="http://viz.cs.berkeley.edu/~gwlarson/papers/ewp98.pdf">The Holodeck: A Parallel |
| 2006 |
< |
Ray-caching Rendering System</a>,'' Proceedings of the Second |
| 2004 |
> |
Environments</a>," ACM Transactions on Graphics, 18(4):361-98, October 1999. |
| 2005 |
> |
<li>Larson, G.W., "<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/ewp98.pdf">The Holodeck: A Parallel |
| 2006 |
> |
Ray-caching Rendering System</a>," Proceedings of the Second |
| 2007 |
|
Eurographics Workshop on Parallel Graphics and Visualisation, |
| 2008 |
|
September 1998. |
| 2009 |
|
<li>Larson, G.W. and R.A. Shakespeare, |
| 2011 |
|
the Art and Science of Lighting Visualization</em></a>, |
| 2012 |
|
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1998. |
| 2013 |
|
<li>Larson, G.W., H. Rushmeier, C. Piatko, |
| 2014 |
< |
``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/lbnl39882/tonemap.pdf">A Visibility |
| 2014 |
> |
"<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/lbnl39882/tonemap.pdf">A Visibility |
| 2015 |
|
Matching Tone Reproduction Operator for |
| 2016 |
< |
High Dynamic Range Scenes</a>,'' LBNL Technical Report 39882, |
| 2016 |
> |
High Dynamic Range Scenes</a>," LBNL Technical Report 39882, |
| 2017 |
|
January 1997. |
| 2018 |
< |
<li>Ward, G., ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw95.1/paper.html">Making |
| 2019 |
< |
Global Illumination User-Friendly</a>,'' Sixth |
| 2018 |
> |
<li>Ward, G., "<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw95.1/paper.html">Making |
| 2019 |
> |
Global Illumination User-Friendly</a>," Sixth |
| 2020 |
|
Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, Springer-Verlag, |
| 2021 |
|
Dublin, Ireland, June 1995.</li> |
| 2022 |
|
<li>Rushmeier, H., G. Ward, C. Piatko, P. Sanders, B. Rust, |
| 2023 |
< |
``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/mgf/compare.html"> |
| 2023 |
> |
"<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/mgf/compare.html"> |
| 2024 |
|
Comparing Real and Synthetic Images: Some Ideas about |
| 2025 |
< |
Metrics</a>,'' Sixth Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, |
| 2025 |
> |
Metrics</a>," Sixth Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, |
| 2026 |
|
Springer-Verlag, Dublin, Ireland, June 1995.</li> |
| 2027 |
< |
<li>Ward, G., ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg94.1/paper.html">The RADIANCE |
| 2028 |
< |
Lighting Simulation and Rendering System</a>,'' <em>Computer |
| 2027 |
> |
<li>Ward, G., "<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg94.1/paper.html">The RADIANCE |
| 2028 |
> |
Lighting Simulation and Rendering System</a>," <em>Computer |
| 2029 |
|
Graphics</em>, July 1994.</li> |
| 2030 |
< |
<li>Rushmeier, H., G. Ward, ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg94.2/energy.html">Energy |
| 2031 |
< |
Preserving Non-Linear Filters</a>,'' <em>Computer |
| 2030 |
> |
<li>Rushmeier, H., G. Ward, "<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg94.2/energy.html">Energy |
| 2031 |
> |
Preserving Non-Linear Filters</a>," <em>Computer |
| 2032 |
|
Graphics</em>, July 1994.</li> |
| 2033 |
< |
<li>Ward, G., ``A Contrast-Based Scalefactor for Luminance |
| 2034 |
< |
Display,'' <em>Graphics Gems IV</em>, Edited by Paul Heckbert, |
| 2033 |
> |
<li>Ward, G., "A Contrast-Based Scalefactor for Luminance |
| 2034 |
> |
Display," <em>Graphics Gems IV</em>, Edited by Paul Heckbert, |
| 2035 |
|
Academic Press 1994.</li> |
| 2036 |
< |
<li>Ward, G., ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg92/paper.html">Measuring and |
| 2037 |
< |
Modeling Anisotropic Reflection</a>,'' <em>Computer |
| 2036 |
> |
<li>Ward, G., "<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg92/paper.html">Measuring and |
| 2037 |
> |
Modeling Anisotropic Reflection</a>," <em>Computer |
| 2038 |
|
Graphics</em>, Vol. 26, No. 2, July 1992. </li> |
| 2039 |
< |
<li>Ward, G., P. Heckbert, ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw92/paper.html">Irradiance |
| 2040 |
< |
Gradients</a>,'' Third Annual Eurographics Workshop on |
| 2039 |
> |
<li>Ward, G., P. Heckbert, "<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw92/paper.html">Irradiance |
| 2040 |
> |
Gradients</a>," Third Annual Eurographics Workshop on |
| 2041 |
|
Rendering, Springer-Verlag, May 1992. </li> |
| 2042 |
< |
<li>Ward, G., ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw91/erw91.html">Adaptive Shadow |
| 2043 |
< |
Testing for Ray Tracing</a>'' Photorealistic Rendering in |
| 2042 |
> |
<li>Ward, G., "<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw91/erw91.html">Adaptive Shadow |
| 2043 |
> |
Testing for Ray Tracing</a>" Photorealistic Rendering in |
| 2044 |
|
Computer Graphics, proceedings of 1991 Eurographics |
| 2045 |
|
Rendering Workshop, edited by P. Brunet and F.W. Jansen, |
| 2046 |
|
Springer-Verlag. </li> |
| 2047 |
< |
<li>Ward, G., ``Visualization,'' <em>Lighting Design and |
| 2047 |
> |
<li>Ward, G., "Visualization," <em>Lighting Design and |
| 2048 |
|
Application</em>, Vol. 20, No. 6, June 1990. </li> |
| 2049 |
< |
<li>Ward, G., F. Rubinstein, R. Clear, ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg88/paper.html">A Ray Tracing Solution for |
| 2050 |
< |
Diffuse Interreflection</a>,'' <em>Computer Graphics</em>, |
| 2049 |
> |
<li>Ward, G., F. Rubinstein, R. Clear, "<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg88/paper.html">A Ray Tracing Solution for |
| 2050 |
> |
Diffuse Interreflection</a>," <em>Computer Graphics</em>, |
| 2051 |
|
Vol. 22, No. 4, August 1988. </li> |
| 2052 |
< |
<li>Ward, G., F. Rubinstein, ``A New Technique for Computer |
| 2053 |
< |
Simulation of Illuminated Spaces,'' <em>Journal of the |
| 2052 |
> |
<li>Ward, G., F. Rubinstein, "A New Technique for Computer |
| 2053 |
> |
Simulation of Illuminated Spaces," <em>Journal of the |
| 2054 |
|
Illuminating Engineering Society</em>, Vol. 17, No. 1, |
| 2055 |
|
Winter 1988. </li> |
| 2056 |
|
</ul> |
| 2088 |
|
<a HREF="#Plasdata">Plasdata</a> |
| 2089 |
|
<a HREF="#Metdata">Metdata</a> |
| 2090 |
|
<a HREF="#Transdata">Transdata</a> |
| 2091 |
+ |
<a HREF="#BSDF">BSDF</a> |
| 2092 |
|
<a HREF="#Antimatter">Antimatter</a> |
| 2093 |
|
|
| 2094 |
|
</pre> |
