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# Line 1 | Line 1
1   <html>
2 + <!-- RCSid $Id$ -->
3   <head>
4   <title>
5 < The RADIANCE 4.1 Synthetic Imaging System
5 > The RADIANCE 5.4 Synthetic Imaging System
6   </title>
7   </head>
8   <body>
# Line 9 | Line 10 | The RADIANCE 4.1 Synthetic Imaging System
10   <p>
11  
12   <h1>
13 < The RADIANCE 4.1 Synthetic Imaging System
13 > The RADIANCE 5.4 Synthetic Imaging System
14   </h1>
15  
16   <p>
# Line 797 | Line 798 | unless the line integrals consider enclosed geometry.
798  
799   <dd>
800          Trans2 is the anisotropic version of <a HREF="#Trans">trans</a>.  
801 <        The string arguments  are  the same as for plastic2, and the real arguments are the same as  for  trans  but  with  an  additional roughness value.
801 >        The string arguments  are  the same as for <a HREF="#Plastic2">plastic2</a>,
802 >        and the real arguments are the same as  for  trans  but  with  an  additional roughness value.
803  
804   <pre>
805          mod trans2 id
# Line 809 | Line 811 | unless the line integrals consider enclosed geometry.
811   <p>
812  
813   <dt>
814 +        <a NAME="Ashik2">
815 +        <b>Ashik2</b>
816 +        </a>
817 +
818 + <dd>
819 +        Ashik2 is the anisotropic reflectance model by Ashikhmin & Shirley.
820 +        The string arguments are the same as for <a HREF="#Plastic2">plastic2</a>, but the real
821 +        arguments have additional flexibility to specify the specular color.
822 +        Also, rather than roughness, specular power is used, which has no
823 +        physical meaning other than larger numbers are equivalent to a smoother
824 +        surface.
825 + <pre>
826 +        mod ashik2 id
827 +        4+ ux uy uz funcfile transform
828 +        0
829 +        8 dred dgrn dblu sred sgrn sblu u-power v-power
830 + </pre>
831 +
832 + <p>
833 +
834 + <dt>
835          <a NAME="Dielectric">
836          <b>Dielectric</b>
837          </a>
# Line 1063 | Line 1086 | unless the line integrals consider enclosed geometry.
1086          Real arguments to this material may define additional
1087          diffuse components that augment the BSDF data.
1088          String arguments are used to define thickness for proxied
1089 <        surfaces and the "up" orientation for the material.
1089 >        surfaces and the &quot;up&quot; orientation for the material.
1090  
1091   <pre>
1092          mod BSDF id
# Line 1076 | Line 1099 | unless the line integrals consider enclosed geometry.
1099   </pre>
1100  
1101   <p>
1102 <        The first string argument is a "thickness" parameter that may be used
1102 >        The first string argument is a &quot;thickness&quot; parameter that may be used
1103          to hide detail geometry being proxied by an aggregate BSDF material.
1104          If a view or shadow ray hits a BSDF proxy with non-zero thickness,
1105          it will pass directly through as if the surface were not there.
# Line 1092 | Line 1115 | unless the line integrals consider enclosed geometry.
1115          a parallel BSDF surface may be
1116          placed slightly less than the given thickness away from the front surface
1117          to enclose the complex geometry on both sides.
1118 +        The sign of the thickness is important, as it indicates
1119 +        whether the proxied geometry is behind the BSDF
1120 +        surface (when thickness is positive) or in front (when
1121 +        thickness is negative).
1122   <p>
1123 <        The second string argument is the name of the BSDF file, which is
1124 <        found in the usual auxiliary locations.
1125 <        The following three string parameters name variables for an "up" vector,
1126 <        which together with the surface normal, define the
1127 <        local coordinate system that orients the BSDF.
1128 <        These variables, along with the thickness, are defined in a function
1129 <        file given as the next string argument.
1130 <        An optional transform is used to scale the thickness and reorient the up vector.
1123 >        The second string argument is the name of the BSDF file,
1124 >        which is found in the usual auxiliary locations.  The
1125 >        following three string parameters name variables for an
1126 >        &quot;up&quot; vector, which together with the surface
1127 >        normal, define the local coordinate system that orients the
1128 >        BSDF.  These variables, along with the thickness, are defined
1129 >        in a function file given as the next string argument.  An
1130 >        optional transform is used to scale the thickness and
1131 >        reorient the up vector.
1132   <p>
1133 <        If no real arguments are given, the BSDF is used by itself to determine
1134 <        reflection and transmission.
1135 <        If there are at least 3 real arguments, the first triplet is an
1136 <        additional diffuse reflectance for the front side.
1137 <        At least 6 real arguments adds diffuse reflectance to the rear side of the surface.
1138 <        If there are 9 real arguments, the final triplet will be taken as an additional
1139 <        diffuse transmittance.
1140 <        All diffuse components as well as the non-diffuse transmission are
1141 <        modified by patterns applied to this material.
1142 <        The non-diffuse reflection from either side are unaffected.
1143 <        Textures perturb the effective surface normal in the usual way.
1133 >        If no real arguments are given, the BSDF is used by itself
1134 >        to determine reflection and transmission.  If there are at
1135 >        least 3 real arguments, the first triplet is an additional
1136 >        diffuse reflectance for the front side.  At least 6 real
1137 >        arguments adds diffuse reflectance to the rear side of the
1138 >        surface.  If there are 9 real arguments, the final triplet
1139 >        will be taken as an additional diffuse transmittance.  All
1140 >        diffuse components as well as the non-diffuse transmission
1141 >        are modified by patterns applied to this material.  The
1142 >        non-diffuse reflection from either side are unaffected.
1143 >        Textures perturb the effective surface normal in the usual
1144 >        way.
1145   <p>
1146 <        The surface normal of this type is not altered to face the incoming ray,
1147 <        so the front and back BSDF reflections may differ.
1148 <        (Transmission is identical front-to-back by physical law.)\0
1149 <        If back visibility is turned off during rendering and there is no
1150 <        transmission or back-side reflection, only then the surface will be
1151 <        invisible from behind.
1152 <        Unlike other data-driven material types, the BSDF type is fully
1153 <        supported and all parts of the distribution are properly sampled.
1146 >        The surface normal of this type is not altered to face the
1147 >        incoming ray, so the front and back BSDF reflections may
1148 >        differ.  (Transmission is identical front-to-back by physical
1149 >        law.) If back visibility is turned off during rendering and
1150 >        there is no transmission or back-side reflection, only then
1151 >        the surface will be invisible from behind.  Unlike other
1152 >        data-driven material types, the BSDF type is fully supported
1153 >        and all parts of the distribution are properly sampled.
1154   <p>
1155  
1156   <dt>
1157 +        <a NAME="aBSDF">
1158 +        <b>aBSDF</b>
1159 +        </a>
1160 +
1161 + <dd>
1162 +        The aBSDF material is identical to the BSDF type with two
1163 +        important differences.  First, proxy geometry is not
1164 +        supported, so there is no thickness parameter.  Second, an
1165 +        aBSDF is assumed to have some specular through component
1166 +        (the &rsquo;a&rsquo; stands for &quot;aperture&quot;),
1167 +        which is treated specially during the direct calculation
1168 +        and when viewing the material.  Based on the BSDF data, the
1169 +        coefficient of specular transmission is determined and used
1170 +        for modifying unscattered shadow and view rays.
1171 +
1172 + <pre>
1173 +        mod aBSDF id
1174 +        5+ BSDFfile ux uy uz funcfile transform
1175 +        0
1176 +        0|3|6|9
1177 +             rfdif gfdif bfdif
1178 +             rbdif gbdif bbdif
1179 +             rtdif gtdif btdif
1180 + </pre>
1181 +
1182 + <p>
1183 +        If a material has no specular transmitted component, it is
1184 +        much better to use the BSDF type with a zero thickness
1185 +        than to use aBSDF.
1186 + <p>
1187 +
1188 + <dt>
1189          <a NAME="Antimatter">
1190          <b>Antimatter</b>
1191          </a>
# Line 1408 | Line 1469 | or:
1469   </h4>
1470  
1471   A mixture is a blend of one or more materials or textures and patterns.
1472 + Blended materials should not be light source types or virtual source types.
1473   The basic types are given below.
1474  
1475   <p>
# Line 1480 | Line 1542 | A mixfunc mixes  two  modifiers  procedurally.   It  i
1542          arguments, the red, green and blue values
1543          corresponding to the pixel at (u,v).
1544  
1483 – </dl>
1545   <p>
1546  
1547   <dt>
# Line 1782 | Line 1843 | Pictures may be displayed directly under X11 using the
1843   or converted a standard image format using one of the following
1844   <b>translators</b>:
1845          <ul>
1846 <        <li> <b>Ra_avs</b>
1847 <                converts to and from AVS image format.
1787 <        <li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_pict.1.html"><b>Ra_pict</b></a>
1788 <                converts to Macintosh 32-bit PICT2 format.
1846 >        <li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_bmp.1.html"><b>Ra_bmp</b>
1847 >                converts to and from BMP image format.
1848          <li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_ppm.1.html"><b>Ra_ppm</b></a>
1849                  converts to and from Poskanzer Portable Pixmap formats.
1791 –        <li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_pr.1.html"><b>Ra_pr</b></a>
1792 –                converts to and from Sun 8-bit rasterfile format.
1793 –        <li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_pr24.1.html"><b>Ra_pr24</b></a>
1794 –                converts to and from Sun 24-bit rasterfile format.
1850          <li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_ps.1.html"><b>Ra_ps</b></a>
1851                  converts to PostScript color and greyscale formats.
1852          <li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_rgbe.1.html"><b>Ra_rgbe</b></a>
# Line 1817 | Line 1872 | or converted a standard image format using one of the
1872   <pre>
1873   The Radiance Software License, Version 1.0
1874  
1875 < Copyright (c) 1990 - 2010 The Regents of the University of California,
1875 > Copyright (c) 1990 - 2014 The Regents of the University of California,
1876   through Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.   All rights reserved.
1877  
1878   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# Line 1851 | Line 1906 | are met:
1906        nor may &quot;Radiance&quot; appear in their name, without prior written
1907        permission of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
1908  
1909 < THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED
1909 > THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS&quot; AND ANY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED
1910   WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
1911   OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
1912   DISCLAIMED.   IN NO EVENT SHALL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory OR
# Line 1890 | Line 1945 | Ecole  Polytechnique  Federale de Lausanne (EPFL Unive
1945   </h2>
1946   <p>
1947   <ul>
1948 +    <li>Wang, Taoning, Gregory Ward, Eleanor Lee,
1949 +      &quot;<a href="https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1XQ0a1M7zGwT7v">Efficient
1950 +      modeling of optically-complex, non-coplanar exterior shading:
1951 +      Validation of matrix algebraic methods</a>&quot;
1952 +      <em>Energy & Buildings</em>, vol. 174, pp. 464-83, Sept. 2018.
1953 +    <li>Lee, Eleanor S., David Geisler-Moroder, Gregory Ward,
1954 +      &quot;<a href="https://eta.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/solar_energy.pdf">Modeling
1955 +      the direct sun component in buildings using matrix
1956 +      algebraic approaches: Methods and
1957 +      validation</a>,&quot; <em>Solar Energy</em>,
1958 +      vol. 160, 15 January 2018, pp 380-395.
1959 +    <li>Narain, Rahul, Rachel A. Albert, Abdullah Bulbul,
1960 +       Gregory J. Ward, Marty Banks, James F. O'Brien,
1961 +       &quot;<a href="http://graphics.berkeley.edu/papers/Narain-OPI-2015-08/index.html">Optimal
1962 +       Presentation of Imagery with Focus
1963 +       Cues on Multi-Plane Displays</a>,&quot;
1964 +       <em>SIGGRAPH 2015</em>.
1965 +    <li>Ward, Greg, Murat Kurt, and Nicolas Bonneel,
1966 +        &quot;<a href="papers/WMAM14_Tensor_Tree_Representation.pdf">Reducing
1967 +        Anisotropic BSDF Measurement to Common Practice</a>,&quot;
1968 +        <em>Workshop on Material Appearance Modeling</em>, 2014.
1969 +    <li>Banks, Martin, Abdullah Bulbul, Rachel Albert, Rahul Narain,
1970 +        James F. O'Brien, Gregory Ward,
1971 +        &quot;<a href="http://graphics.berkeley.edu/papers/Banks-TPO-2014-05/index.html">The
1972 +        Perception of Surface Material from Disparity and Focus Cues</a>,&quot;
1973 +        <em>VSS 2014</em>.
1974 +    <li>McNeil, A., C.J. Jonsson, D. Appelfeld, G. Ward, E.S. Lee,
1975 +        &quot;<a href="http://gaia.lbl.gov/btech/papers/4414.pdf">
1976 +        A validation of a ray-tracing tool used to generate
1977 +        bi-directional scattering distribution functions for
1978 +        complex fenestration systems</a>,&quot;
1979 +        <em>Solar Energy</em>, 98, 404-14,
1980 +        November 2013.
1981 +    <li>Ward, G., R. Mistrick, E.S. Lee, A. McNeil, J. Jonsson,
1982 +        &quot;<a href="http://gaia.lbl.gov/btech/papers/4414.pdf">Simulating
1983 +        the Daylight Performance of Complex Fenestration Systems
1984 +        Using Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Functions within
1985 +        Radiance</a>,&quot;
1986 +        <em>Leukos</em>, 7(4)
1987 +        April 2011.
1988      <li>Cater, Kirsten, Alan Chalmers, Greg Ward,
1989          &quot;<a href="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/egsr2003.pdf">Detail to Attention:
1990          Exploiting Visual Tasks for Selective Rendering</a>,&quot;
1991          <em>Eurographics Symposium
1992          on Rendering 2003</em>, June 2003.
1993      <li>Ward, Greg, Elena Eydelberg-Vileshin,
1994 <        ``<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/egwr02/index.html">Picture Perfect RGB
1995 <        Rendering Using Spectral Prefiltering and Sharp Color Primaries</a>,''
1994 >        &quot;<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/egwr02/index.html">Picture Perfect RGB
1995 >        Rendering Using Spectral Prefiltering and Sharp Color Primaries</a>,&quot;
1996          Thirteenth Eurographics Workshop on Rendering (2002),
1997          P. Debevec and S. Gibson (Editors), June 2002.
1998      <li>Ward, Gregory,
1999 <        ``<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/cic01.pdf">High Dynamic Range Imaging</a>,''
1999 >        &quot;<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/cic01.pdf">High Dynamic Range Imaging</a>,&quot;
2000          Proceedings of the Ninth Color Imaging Conference, November 2001.
2001      <li>Ward, Gregory and Maryann Simmons,
2002 <        ``<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/tog99.pdf">
2002 >        &quot;<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/tog99.pdf">
2003          The Holodeck Ray Cache: An Interactive Rendering System for Global Illumination in Nondiffuse
2004 <        Environments</a>,'' ACM Transactions on Graphics, 18(4):361-98, October 1999.
2005 <    <li>Larson, G.W., ``<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/ewp98.pdf">The Holodeck: A Parallel
2006 <        Ray-caching Rendering System</a>,'' Proceedings of the Second
2004 >        Environments</a>,&quot; ACM Transactions on Graphics, 18(4):361-98, October 1999.
2005 >    <li>Larson, G.W., &quot;<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/ewp98.pdf">The Holodeck: A Parallel
2006 >        Ray-caching Rendering System</a>,&quot; Proceedings of the Second
2007          Eurographics Workshop on Parallel Graphics and Visualisation,
2008          September 1998.
2009      <li>Larson, G.W. and R.A. Shakespeare,
# Line 1916 | Line 2011 | Ecole  Polytechnique  Federale de Lausanne (EPFL Unive
2011          the Art and Science of Lighting Visualization</em></a>,
2012          Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1998.
2013      <li>Larson, G.W., H. Rushmeier, C. Piatko,
2014 <        ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/lbnl39882/tonemap.pdf">A Visibility
2014 >        &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/lbnl39882/tonemap.pdf">A Visibility
2015          Matching Tone Reproduction Operator for
2016 <        High Dynamic Range Scenes</a>,'' LBNL Technical Report 39882,
2016 >        High Dynamic Range Scenes</a>,&quot; LBNL Technical Report 39882,
2017          January 1997.
2018 <    <li>Ward, G., ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw95.1/paper.html">Making
2019 <        Global Illumination User-Friendly</a>,'' Sixth
2018 >    <li>Ward, G., &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw95.1/paper.html">Making
2019 >        Global Illumination User-Friendly</a>,&quot; Sixth
2020          Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, Springer-Verlag,
2021          Dublin, Ireland, June 1995.</li>
2022      <li>Rushmeier, H., G. Ward, C. Piatko, P. Sanders, B. Rust,
2023 <        ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/mgf/compare.html">
2023 >        &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/mgf/compare.html">
2024          Comparing Real and Synthetic Images: Some Ideas about
2025 <        Metrics</a>,'' Sixth Eurographics Workshop on Rendering,
2025 >        Metrics</a>,&quot; Sixth Eurographics Workshop on Rendering,
2026          Springer-Verlag, Dublin, Ireland, June 1995.</li>
2027 <    <li>Ward, G., ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg94.1/paper.html">The RADIANCE
2028 <        Lighting Simulation and Rendering System</a>,'' <em>Computer
2027 >    <li>Ward, G., &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg94.1/paper.html">The RADIANCE
2028 >        Lighting Simulation and Rendering System</a>,&quot; <em>Computer
2029          Graphics</em>, July 1994.</li>
2030 <    <li>Rushmeier, H., G. Ward, ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg94.2/energy.html">Energy
2031 <        Preserving Non-Linear Filters</a>,'' <em>Computer
2030 >    <li>Rushmeier, H., G. Ward, &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg94.2/energy.html">Energy
2031 >        Preserving Non-Linear Filters</a>,&quot; <em>Computer
2032          Graphics</em>, July 1994.</li>
2033 <    <li>Ward, G., ``A Contrast-Based Scalefactor for Luminance
2034 <        Display,'' <em>Graphics Gems IV</em>, Edited by Paul Heckbert,
2033 >    <li>Ward, G., &quot;A Contrast-Based Scalefactor for Luminance
2034 >        Display,&quot; <em>Graphics Gems IV</em>, Edited by Paul Heckbert,
2035          Academic Press 1994.</li>
2036 <    <li>Ward, G., ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg92/paper.html">Measuring and
2037 <        Modeling Anisotropic Reflection</a>,'' <em>Computer
2036 >    <li>Ward, G., &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg92/paper.html">Measuring and
2037 >        Modeling Anisotropic Reflection</a>,&quot; <em>Computer
2038          Graphics</em>, Vol. 26, No. 2, July 1992. </li>
2039 <    <li>Ward, G., P. Heckbert, ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw92/paper.html">Irradiance
2040 <        Gradients</a>,'' Third Annual Eurographics Workshop on
2039 >    <li>Ward, G., P. Heckbert, &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw92/paper.html">Irradiance
2040 >        Gradients</a>,&quot; Third Annual Eurographics Workshop on
2041          Rendering, Springer-Verlag, May 1992. </li>
2042 <    <li>Ward, G., ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw91/erw91.html">Adaptive Shadow
2043 <        Testing for Ray Tracing</a>'' Photorealistic Rendering in
2042 >    <li>Ward, G., &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw91/erw91.html">Adaptive Shadow
2043 >        Testing for Ray Tracing</a>&quot; Photorealistic Rendering in
2044          Computer Graphics, proceedings of 1991 Eurographics
2045          Rendering Workshop, edited by P. Brunet and F.W. Jansen,
2046          Springer-Verlag. </li>
2047 <    <li>Ward, G., ``Visualization,'' <em>Lighting Design and
2047 >    <li>Ward, G., &quot;Visualization,&quot; <em>Lighting Design and
2048          Application</em>, Vol. 20, No. 6, June 1990. </li>
2049 <    <li>Ward, G., F. Rubinstein, R. Clear, ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg88/paper.html">A Ray Tracing Solution for
2050 <        Diffuse Interreflection</a>,'' <em>Computer Graphics</em>,
2049 >    <li>Ward, G., F. Rubinstein, R. Clear, &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg88/paper.html">A Ray Tracing Solution for
2050 >        Diffuse Interreflection</a>,&quot; <em>Computer Graphics</em>,
2051          Vol. 22, No. 4, August 1988. </li>
2052 <    <li>Ward, G., F. Rubinstein, ``A New Technique for Computer
2053 <        Simulation of Illuminated Spaces,'' <em>Journal of the
2052 >    <li>Ward, G., F. Rubinstein, &quot;A New Technique for Computer
2053 >        Simulation of Illuminated Spaces,&quot; <em>Journal of the
2054          Illuminating Engineering Society</em>, Vol. 17, No. 1,
2055          Winter 1988. </li>
2056   </ul>

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