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# Line 1 | Line 1
1   <html>
2 + <!-- RCSid $Id$ -->
3   <head>
4   <title>
5 < The RADIANCE 4.1 Synthetic Imaging System
5 > The RADIANCE 6.0 Synthetic Imaging System
6   </title>
7   </head>
8   <body>
# Line 9 | Line 10 | The RADIANCE 4.1 Synthetic Imaging System
10   <p>
11  
12   <h1>
13 < The RADIANCE 4.1 Synthetic Imaging System
13 > The RADIANCE 6.0 Synthetic Imaging System
14   </h1>
15  
16   <p>
# Line 82 | Line 83 | The diagram in Figure 1 shows the flow between program
83   (ovals).  
84   The central program is <i>rpict</i>, which produces a picture from a scene
85   description.
86 < <i>Rview</i> is a  variation  of  rpict  that  computes  and displays images
86 > <i>Rvu</i> is a  variation  of  rpict  that  computes  and displays images
87   interactively, and rtrace computes single ray values.
88   Other programs (not shown) connect many of these elements together,
89   such as the executive programs
# Line 797 | Line 798 | unless the line integrals consider enclosed geometry.
798  
799   <dd>
800          Trans2 is the anisotropic version of <a HREF="#Trans">trans</a>.  
801 <        The string arguments  are  the same as for plastic2, and the real arguments are the same as  for  trans  but  with  an  additional roughness value.
801 >        The string arguments  are  the same as for <a HREF="#Plastic2">plastic2</a>,
802 >        and the real arguments are the same as  for  trans  but  with  an  additional roughness value.
803  
804   <pre>
805          mod trans2 id
# Line 809 | Line 811 | unless the line integrals consider enclosed geometry.
811   <p>
812  
813   <dt>
814 +        <a NAME="Ashik2">
815 +        <b>Ashik2</b>
816 +        </a>
817 +
818 + <dd>
819 +        Ashik2 is the anisotropic reflectance model by Ashikhmin & Shirley.
820 +        The string arguments are the same as for <a HREF="#Plastic2">plastic2</a>, but the real
821 +        arguments have additional flexibility to specify the specular color.
822 +        Also, rather than roughness, specular power is used, which has no
823 +        physical meaning other than larger numbers are equivalent to a smoother
824 +        surface.
825 +        Unlike other material types, total reflectance is the sum of
826 +        diffuse and specular colors, and should be adjusted accordingly.
827 + <pre>
828 +        mod ashik2 id
829 +        4+ ux uy uz funcfile transform
830 +        0
831 +        8 dred dgrn dblu sred sgrn sblu u-power v-power
832 + </pre>
833 +
834 + <p>
835 +
836 + <dt>
837          <a NAME="Dielectric">
838          <b>Dielectric</b>
839          </a>
# Line 1131 | Line 1156 | unless the line integrals consider enclosed geometry.
1156   <p>
1157  
1158   <dt>
1159 +        <a NAME="aBSDF">
1160 +        <b>aBSDF</b>
1161 +        </a>
1162 +
1163 + <dd>
1164 +        The aBSDF material is identical to the BSDF type with two
1165 +        important differences.  First, proxy geometry is not
1166 +        supported, so there is no thickness parameter.  Second, an
1167 +        aBSDF is assumed to have some specular through component
1168 +        (the &rsquo;a&rsquo; stands for &quot;aperture&quot;),
1169 +        which is treated specially during the direct calculation
1170 +        and when viewing the material.  Based on the BSDF data, the
1171 +        coefficient of specular transmission is determined and used
1172 +        for modifying unscattered shadow and view rays.
1173 +
1174 + <pre>
1175 +        mod aBSDF id
1176 +        5+ BSDFfile ux uy uz funcfile transform
1177 +        0
1178 +        0|3|6|9
1179 +             rfdif gfdif bfdif
1180 +             rbdif gbdif bbdif
1181 +             rtdif gtdif btdif
1182 + </pre>
1183 +
1184 + <p>
1185 +        If a material has no specular transmitted component, it is
1186 +        much better to use the BSDF type with a zero thickness
1187 +        than to use aBSDF.
1188 + <p>
1189 +
1190 + <dt>
1191          <a NAME="Antimatter">
1192          <b>Antimatter</b>
1193          </a>
# Line 1404 | Line 1461 | or:
1461          A section of text meant to  depict  a  picture, perhaps using a special purpose font such as hexbit4x1.fnt, calls for uniform  spacing.  
1462          Reasonable  magnitudes  for  proportional  spacing are between 0.1 (for tightly spaced characters) and 0.3 (for wide spacing).
1463  
1464 + <p>
1465 +
1466 + <dt>
1467 +        <a NAME="Spectrum">
1468 +        <b>Spectrum</b>
1469 +        </a>
1470 +
1471 + <dd>
1472 +        The spectrum primitive is the most basic type for introducing spectral
1473 +        color to a material.
1474 +        Since materials only provide RGB parameters, spectral patterns
1475 +        are the only way to superimpose wavelength-dependent behavior.
1476 +
1477 + <pre>
1478 +        mod spectrum id
1479 +        0
1480 +        0
1481 +        5+ nmA nmB s1 s2 .. sN
1482 + </pre>
1483 +
1484 + <p>
1485 +        The first two real arguments indicate the extrema of the
1486 +        spectral range in nanometers.
1487 +        Subsequent real values correspond to multipliers at each wavelength.
1488 +        The nmA wavelength may be greater or less than nmB,
1489 +        but they may not be equal, and their ordering matches
1490 +        the order of the spectral values.
1491 +        A minimum of 3 values must be given, which would act
1492 +        more or less the same as a constant RGB multiplier.
1493 +        As with RGB values, spectral quantities normally range between 0
1494 +        and 1 at each wavelength, or average to 1.0 against a standard
1495 +        sensitivity functions such as V(lambda).
1496 +        The best results obtain when the spectral range and number
1497 +        of samples match rendering options, though resampling will handle
1498 +        any differences, zero-filling wavelenths outside the nmA to nmB
1499 +        range.
1500 +        A warning will be issued if the given wavelength range does not
1501 +        adequately cover the visible spectrum.
1502 +
1503 + <p>
1504 +
1505 + <dt>
1506 +        <a NAME="Specfile">
1507 +        <b>Specfile</b>
1508 +        </a>
1509 +
1510 + <dd>
1511 +        The specfile primitive is equivalent to the spectrum type, but
1512 +        the wavelength range and values are contained in a 1-dimensional
1513 +        data file.
1514 +        This may be a more convenient way to specify a spectral color,
1515 +        especially one corresponding to a standard illuminant such as D65
1516 +        or a library of measured spectra.
1517 +
1518 + <pre>
1519 +        mod specfile id
1520 +        1 datafile
1521 +        0
1522 +        0
1523 + </pre>
1524 +
1525 + <p>
1526 +        As with the spectrum type, rendering wavelengths outside the defined
1527 +        range will be zero-filled.
1528 +        Unlike the spectrum type, the file may contain non-uniform samples.
1529 +
1530 + <p>
1531 +
1532 + <dt>
1533 +        <a NAME="Specfunc">
1534 +        <b>Specfunc</b>
1535 +        </a>
1536 +
1537 + <dd>
1538 +        The specfunc primitive offers dynamic control over a spectral
1539 +        pattern, similar to the colorfunc type.
1540 +
1541 + <pre>
1542 +        mod specfunc id
1543 +        2+ sfunc funcfile transform
1544 +        0
1545 +        2+ nmA nmB A3 ..
1546 + </pre>
1547 +
1548 + <p>
1549 +        Like the spectrum primitive, the wavelength range is specified
1550 +        in the first two real arguments, and additional real values are
1551 +        set in the evaluation context.
1552 +        This function is fed a wavelenth sample
1553 +        between nmA and nmB as its only argument,
1554 +        and it returns the corresponding spectral intensity.
1555 +
1556 + <dt>
1557 +       <a NAME="Specdata">
1558 +       <b>Specdata</b>
1559 +       </a>
1560 +
1561 + <dd>
1562 +        Specdata is like brightdata and colordata, but with more
1563 +        than 3 specular samples.
1564 +
1565 + <pre>
1566 +        mod specdata id
1567 +        3+n+
1568 +                func datafile
1569 +                funcfile x1 x2 .. xn transform
1570 +        0
1571 +        m A1 A2 .. Am
1572 + </pre>
1573 +
1574 + <p>
1575 +        The data file must have one more dimension than the coordinate
1576 +        variable count, as this final dimension corresponds to the covered
1577 +        spectrum.
1578 +        The starting and ending wavelengths are specified in "datafile"
1579 +        as well as the number of spectral samples.
1580 +        The function "func" will be called with two parameters, the
1581 +        interpolated spectral value for the current coordinate and the
1582 +        associated wavelength.
1583 +        If the spectrum is broken into 12 components, then 12 calls
1584 +        will be made to "func" for the relevant ray evaluation.
1585 +
1586 + <dt>
1587 +       <a NAME="Specpict">
1588 +       <b>Specpict</b>
1589 +       </a>
1590 +
1591 + <dd>
1592 +        Specpict is a special case of specdata, where the pattern is
1593 +        a hyperspectral image stored in the common-exponent file format.
1594 +        The dimensions of the image data are determined by the picture
1595 +        just as with the colorpict primitive.
1596 +
1597 + <pre>
1598 +        mod specpict id
1599 +        5+
1600 +                func specfile
1601 +                funcfile u v transform
1602 +        0
1603 +        m A1 A2 .. Am
1604 + </pre>
1605 +
1606 + <p>
1607 +        The function "func" is called with the interpolated pixel value
1608 +        and the wavelength sample in nanometers, the same as specdata,
1609 +        with as many calls made as there are components in "specfile".
1610 +
1611   </dl>
1612  
1613   <p>
# Line 1414 | Line 1618 | or:
1618   </h4>
1619  
1620   A mixture is a blend of one or more materials or textures and patterns.
1621 + Blended materials should not be light source types or virtual source types.
1622   The basic types are given below.
1623  
1624   <p>
# Line 1486 | Line 1691 | A mixfunc mixes  two  modifiers  procedurally.   It  i
1691          arguments, the red, green and blue values
1692          corresponding to the pixel at (u,v).
1693  
1489 – </dl>
1694   <p>
1695  
1696   <dt>
# Line 1752 | Line 1956 | The details of this process  are  not  important, but
1956   directs the use of a scene description.
1957   <ul>
1958   <li>
1959 < <a NAME="rvu" HREF="../man_html/rvu.1.html"><b>Rview</b></a>  is  ray-tracing  program  for  viewing  a  scene interactively.  
1959 > <a NAME="rvu" HREF="../man_html/rvu.1.html"><b>Rvu</b></a>  is  ray-tracing  program  for  viewing  a  scene interactively.  
1960   When  the user specifies a new perspective, rvu quickly displays a rough image on the  terminal,  
1961   then progressively increases the resolution as the user looks on.
1962   He can select a particular section of the image to  improve, or  move  to  a different view and start over.  
# Line 1788 | Line 1992 | Pictures may be displayed directly under X11 using the
1992   or converted a standard image format using one of the following
1993   <b>translators</b>:
1994          <ul>
1995 <        <li> <b>Ra_avs</b>
1996 <                converts to and from AVS image format.
1793 <        <li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_pict.1.html"><b>Ra_pict</b></a>
1794 <                converts to Macintosh 32-bit PICT2 format.
1995 >        <li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_bmp.1.html"><b>Ra_bmp</b></a>
1996 >                converts to and from BMP image format.
1997          <li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_ppm.1.html"><b>Ra_ppm</b></a>
1998                  converts to and from Poskanzer Portable Pixmap formats.
1797 –        <li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_pr.1.html"><b>Ra_pr</b></a>
1798 –                converts to and from Sun 8-bit rasterfile format.
1799 –        <li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_pr24.1.html"><b>Ra_pr24</b></a>
1800 –                converts to and from Sun 24-bit rasterfile format.
1999          <li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_ps.1.html"><b>Ra_ps</b></a>
2000                  converts to PostScript color and greyscale formats.
2001          <li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_rgbe.1.html"><b>Ra_rgbe</b></a>
# Line 1823 | Line 2021 | or converted a standard image format using one of the
2021   <pre>
2022   The Radiance Software License, Version 1.0
2023  
2024 < Copyright (c) 1990 - 2010 The Regents of the University of California,
2024 > Copyright (c) 1990 - 2021 The Regents of the University of California,
2025   through Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.   All rights reserved.
2026  
2027   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# Line 1857 | Line 2055 | are met:
2055        nor may &quot;Radiance&quot; appear in their name, without prior written
2056        permission of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
2057  
2058 < THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED
2058 > THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS&quot; AND ANY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED
2059   WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
2060   OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
2061   DISCLAIMED.   IN NO EVENT SHALL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory OR
# Line 1896 | Line 2094 | Ecole  Polytechnique  Federale de Lausanne (EPFL Unive
2094   </h2>
2095   <p>
2096   <ul>
2097 +    <li>Ward, Gregory J., Bruno Bueno, David Geisler-Moroder,
2098 +      Lars O. Grobe, Jacob C. Jonsson, Eleanor
2099 +      S. Lee, Taoning Wang, Helen Rose Wilson,
2100 +      &quot;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.111890">Daylight
2101 +      Simulation Workflows Incorporating Measured Bidirectional
2102 +      Scattering Distribution Functions</a>&quot;
2103 +      <em>Energy &amp; Buildings</em>, Vol. 259, No. 11890, 2022.
2104 +    <li>Wang, Taoning, Gregory Ward, Eleanor Lee,
2105 +      &quot;<a href="https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1XQ0a1M7zGwT7v">Efficient
2106 +      modeling of optically-complex, non-coplanar exterior shading:
2107 +      Validation of matrix algebraic methods</a>&quot;
2108 +      <em>Energy & Buildings</em>, vol. 174, pp. 464-83, Sept. 2018.
2109 +    <li>Lee, Eleanor S., David Geisler-Moroder, Gregory Ward,
2110 +      &quot;<a href="https://eta.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/solar_energy.pdf">Modeling
2111 +      the direct sun component in buildings using matrix
2112 +      algebraic approaches: Methods and
2113 +      validation</a>,&quot; <em>Solar Energy</em>,
2114 +      vol. 160, 15 January 2018, pp 380-395.
2115 +    <li>Narain, Rahul, Rachel A. Albert, Abdullah Bulbul,
2116 +       Gregory J. Ward, Marty Banks, James F. O'Brien,
2117 +       &quot;<a href="http://graphics.berkeley.edu/papers/Narain-OPI-2015-08/index.html">Optimal
2118 +       Presentation of Imagery with Focus
2119 +       Cues on Multi-Plane Displays</a>,&quot;
2120 +       <em>SIGGRAPH 2015</em>.
2121 +    <li>Ward, Greg, Murat Kurt, and Nicolas Bonneel,
2122 +        &quot;<a href="papers/WMAM14_Tensor_Tree_Representation.pdf">Reducing
2123 +        Anisotropic BSDF Measurement to Common Practice</a>,&quot;
2124 +        <em>Workshop on Material Appearance Modeling</em>, 2014.
2125 +    <li>Banks, Martin, Abdullah Bulbul, Rachel Albert, Rahul Narain,
2126 +        James F. O'Brien, Gregory Ward,
2127 +        &quot;<a href="http://graphics.berkeley.edu/papers/Banks-TPO-2014-05/index.html">The
2128 +        Perception of Surface Material from Disparity and Focus Cues</a>,&quot;
2129 +        <em>VSS 2014</em>.
2130 +    <li>McNeil, A., C.J. Jonsson, D. Appelfeld, G. Ward, E.S. Lee,
2131 +        &quot;<a href="http://gaia.lbl.gov/btech/papers/4414.pdf">
2132 +        A validation of a ray-tracing tool used to generate
2133 +        bi-directional scattering distribution functions for
2134 +        complex fenestration systems</a>,&quot;
2135 +        <em>Solar Energy</em>, 98, 404-14,
2136 +        November 2013.
2137 +    <li>Ward, G., R. Mistrick, E.S. Lee, A. McNeil, J. Jonsson,
2138 +        &quot;<a href="http://gaia.lbl.gov/btech/papers/4414.pdf">Simulating
2139 +        the Daylight Performance of Complex Fenestration Systems
2140 +        Using Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Functions within
2141 +        Radiance</a>,&quot;
2142 +        <em>Leukos</em>, 7(4)
2143 +        April 2011.
2144      <li>Cater, Kirsten, Alan Chalmers, Greg Ward,
2145          &quot;<a href="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/egsr2003.pdf">Detail to Attention:
2146          Exploiting Visual Tasks for Selective Rendering</a>,&quot;
2147          <em>Eurographics Symposium
2148          on Rendering 2003</em>, June 2003.
2149      <li>Ward, Greg, Elena Eydelberg-Vileshin,
2150 <        ``<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/egwr02/index.html">Picture Perfect RGB
2151 <        Rendering Using Spectral Prefiltering and Sharp Color Primaries</a>,''
2150 >        &quot;<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/egwr02/index.html">Picture Perfect RGB
2151 >        Rendering Using Spectral Prefiltering and Sharp Color Primaries</a>,&quot;
2152          Thirteenth Eurographics Workshop on Rendering (2002),
2153          P. Debevec and S. Gibson (Editors), June 2002.
2154      <li>Ward, Gregory,
2155 <        ``<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/cic01.pdf">High Dynamic Range Imaging</a>,''
2155 >        &quot;<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/cic01.pdf">High Dynamic Range Imaging</a>,&quot;
2156          Proceedings of the Ninth Color Imaging Conference, November 2001.
2157      <li>Ward, Gregory and Maryann Simmons,
2158 <        ``<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/tog99.pdf">
2158 >        &quot;<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/tog99.pdf">
2159          The Holodeck Ray Cache: An Interactive Rendering System for Global Illumination in Nondiffuse
2160 <        Environments</a>,'' ACM Transactions on Graphics, 18(4):361-98, October 1999.
2161 <    <li>Larson, G.W., ``<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/ewp98.pdf">The Holodeck: A Parallel
2162 <        Ray-caching Rendering System</a>,'' Proceedings of the Second
2160 >        Environments</a>,&quot; ACM Transactions on Graphics, 18(4):361-98, October 1999.
2161 >    <li>Larson, G.W., &quot;<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/ewp98.pdf">The Holodeck: A Parallel
2162 >        Ray-caching Rendering System</a>,&quot; Proceedings of the Second
2163          Eurographics Workshop on Parallel Graphics and Visualisation,
2164          September 1998.
2165      <li>Larson, G.W. and R.A. Shakespeare,
# Line 1922 | Line 2167 | Ecole  Polytechnique  Federale de Lausanne (EPFL Unive
2167          the Art and Science of Lighting Visualization</em></a>,
2168          Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1998.
2169      <li>Larson, G.W., H. Rushmeier, C. Piatko,
2170 <        ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/lbnl39882/tonemap.pdf">A Visibility
2170 >        &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/lbnl39882/tonemap.pdf">A Visibility
2171          Matching Tone Reproduction Operator for
2172 <        High Dynamic Range Scenes</a>,'' LBNL Technical Report 39882,
2172 >        High Dynamic Range Scenes</a>,&quot; LBNL Technical Report 39882,
2173          January 1997.
2174 <    <li>Ward, G., ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw95.1/paper.html">Making
2175 <        Global Illumination User-Friendly</a>,'' Sixth
2174 >    <li>Ward, G., &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw95.1/paper.html">Making
2175 >        Global Illumination User-Friendly</a>,&quot; Sixth
2176          Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, Springer-Verlag,
2177          Dublin, Ireland, June 1995.</li>
2178      <li>Rushmeier, H., G. Ward, C. Piatko, P. Sanders, B. Rust,
2179 <        ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/mgf/compare.html">
2179 >        &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/mgf/compare.html">
2180          Comparing Real and Synthetic Images: Some Ideas about
2181 <        Metrics</a>,'' Sixth Eurographics Workshop on Rendering,
2181 >        Metrics</a>,&quot; Sixth Eurographics Workshop on Rendering,
2182          Springer-Verlag, Dublin, Ireland, June 1995.</li>
2183 <    <li>Ward, G., ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg94.1/paper.html">The RADIANCE
2184 <        Lighting Simulation and Rendering System</a>,'' <em>Computer
2183 >    <li>Ward, G., &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg94.1/paper.html">The RADIANCE
2184 >        Lighting Simulation and Rendering System</a>,&quot; <em>Computer
2185          Graphics</em>, July 1994.</li>
2186 <    <li>Rushmeier, H., G. Ward, ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg94.2/energy.html">Energy
2187 <        Preserving Non-Linear Filters</a>,'' <em>Computer
2186 >    <li>Rushmeier, H., G. Ward, &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg94.2/energy.html">Energy
2187 >        Preserving Non-Linear Filters</a>,&quot; <em>Computer
2188          Graphics</em>, July 1994.</li>
2189 <    <li>Ward, G., ``A Contrast-Based Scalefactor for Luminance
2190 <        Display,'' <em>Graphics Gems IV</em>, Edited by Paul Heckbert,
2189 >    <li>Ward, G., &quot;A Contrast-Based Scalefactor for Luminance
2190 >        Display,&quot; <em>Graphics Gems IV</em>, Edited by Paul Heckbert,
2191          Academic Press 1994.</li>
2192 <    <li>Ward, G., ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg92/paper.html">Measuring and
2193 <        Modeling Anisotropic Reflection</a>,'' <em>Computer
2192 >    <li>Ward, G., &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg92/paper.html">Measuring and
2193 >        Modeling Anisotropic Reflection</a>,&quot; <em>Computer
2194          Graphics</em>, Vol. 26, No. 2, July 1992. </li>
2195 <    <li>Ward, G., P. Heckbert, ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw92/paper.html">Irradiance
2196 <        Gradients</a>,'' Third Annual Eurographics Workshop on
2195 >    <li>Ward, G., P. Heckbert, &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw92/paper.html">Irradiance
2196 >        Gradients</a>,&quot; Third Annual Eurographics Workshop on
2197          Rendering, Springer-Verlag, May 1992. </li>
2198 <    <li>Ward, G., ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw91/erw91.html">Adaptive Shadow
2199 <        Testing for Ray Tracing</a>'' Photorealistic Rendering in
2198 >    <li>Ward, G., &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw91/erw91.html">Adaptive Shadow
2199 >        Testing for Ray Tracing</a>&quot; Photorealistic Rendering in
2200          Computer Graphics, proceedings of 1991 Eurographics
2201          Rendering Workshop, edited by P. Brunet and F.W. Jansen,
2202          Springer-Verlag. </li>
2203 <    <li>Ward, G., ``Visualization,'' <em>Lighting Design and
2203 >    <li>Ward, G., &quot;Visualization,&quot; <em>Lighting Design and
2204          Application</em>, Vol. 20, No. 6, June 1990. </li>
2205 <    <li>Ward, G., F. Rubinstein, R. Clear, ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg88/paper.html">A Ray Tracing Solution for
2206 <        Diffuse Interreflection</a>,'' <em>Computer Graphics</em>,
2205 >    <li>Ward, G., F. Rubinstein, R. Clear, &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg88/paper.html">A Ray Tracing Solution for
2206 >        Diffuse Interreflection</a>,&quot; <em>Computer Graphics</em>,
2207          Vol. 22, No. 4, August 1988. </li>
2208 <    <li>Ward, G., F. Rubinstein, ``A New Technique for Computer
2209 <        Simulation of Illuminated Spaces,'' <em>Journal of the
2208 >    <li>Ward, G., F. Rubinstein, &quot;A New Technique for Computer
2209 >        Simulation of Illuminated Spaces,&quot; <em>Journal of the
2210          Illuminating Engineering Society</em>, Vol. 17, No. 1,
2211          Winter 1988. </li>
2212   </ul>

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