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# Line 1 | Line 1
1   <html>
2 + <!-- RCSid $Id$ -->
3   <head>
4   <title>
5 < The RADIANCE 4.1 Synthetic Imaging System
5 > The RADIANCE 6.0 Synthetic Imaging System
6   </title>
7   </head>
8   <body>
# Line 9 | Line 10 | The RADIANCE 4.1 Synthetic Imaging System
10   <p>
11  
12   <h1>
13 < The RADIANCE 4.1 Synthetic Imaging System
13 > The RADIANCE 6.0 Synthetic Imaging System
14   </h1>
15  
16   <p>
# Line 82 | Line 83 | The diagram in Figure 1 shows the flow between program
83   (ovals).  
84   The central program is <i>rpict</i>, which produces a picture from a scene
85   description.
86 < <i>Rview</i> is a  variation  of  rpict  that  computes  and displays images
86 > <i>Rvu</i> is a  variation  of  rpict  that  computes  and displays images
87   interactively, and rtrace computes single ray values.
88   Other programs (not shown) connect many of these elements together,
89   such as the executive programs
# Line 797 | Line 798 | unless the line integrals consider enclosed geometry.
798  
799   <dd>
800          Trans2 is the anisotropic version of <a HREF="#Trans">trans</a>.  
801 <        The string arguments  are  the same as for plastic2, and the real arguments are the same as  for  trans  but  with  an  additional roughness value.
801 >        The string arguments  are  the same as for <a HREF="#Plastic2">plastic2</a>,
802 >        and the real arguments are the same as  for  trans  but  with  an  additional roughness value.
803  
804   <pre>
805          mod trans2 id
# Line 809 | Line 811 | unless the line integrals consider enclosed geometry.
811   <p>
812  
813   <dt>
814 +        <a NAME="Ashik2">
815 +        <b>Ashik2</b>
816 +        </a>
817 +
818 + <dd>
819 +        Ashik2 is the anisotropic reflectance model by Ashikhmin & Shirley.
820 +        The string arguments are the same as for <a HREF="#Plastic2">plastic2</a>, but the real
821 +        arguments have additional flexibility to specify the specular color.
822 +        Also, rather than roughness, specular power is used, which has no
823 +        physical meaning other than larger numbers are equivalent to a smoother
824 +        surface.
825 +        Unlike other material types, total reflectance is the sum of
826 +        diffuse and specular colors, and should be adjusted accordingly.
827 + <pre>
828 +        mod ashik2 id
829 +        4+ ux uy uz funcfile transform
830 +        0
831 +        8 dred dgrn dblu sred sgrn sblu u-power v-power
832 + </pre>
833 +
834 + <p>
835 +
836 + <dt>
837 +        <a NAME="WGMDfunc">
838 +        <b>WGMDfunc</b>
839 +        </a>
840 +
841 + <dd>
842 +        WGMDfunc is a more programmable version of <a HREF="#Trans2">trans2</a>,
843 +        with separate modifier paths and variables to control each component.
844 +        (WGMD stands for Ward-Geisler-Moroder-Duer, which is the basis for
845 +        this empirical model, similar to previous ones beside Ashik2.)
846 +        The specification of this material is given below.
847 + <pre>
848 +        mod WGMDfunc id
849 +        13+ rs_mod  rs  rs_urough rs_vrough
850 +            ts_mod  ts  ts_urough ts_vrough
851 +            td_mod
852 +            ux uy uz  funcfile  transform
853 +        0
854 +        9+  rfdif gfdif bfdif
855 +            rbdif gbdif bbdif
856 +            rtdif gtdif btdif
857 +            A10 ..
858 + </pre>
859 +
860 + The sum of specular reflectance (<I>rs</I>), specular transmittance (<I>ts</I>),
861 + diffuse reflectance (<I>rfdif gfdif bfdif</I> for front and <I>rbdif gbdif bbdif</I> for back)
862 + and diffuse transmittance (<I>rtdif gtdif btdif</I>) should be less than 1 for each
863 + channel.
864 +
865 + <p>
866 +
867 + Unique to this material, separate modifier channels are
868 + provided for each component.
869 + The main modifier is used on the diffuse reflectance, both
870 + front and back.
871 + The <I>rs_mod</I> modifier is used for specular reflectance.
872 + If "void" is given for <I>rs_mod</I>,
873 + then the specular reflection color will be white.
874 + The special "inherit" keyword may also be given, in which case
875 + specular reflectance will share the main modifier.
876 + This behavior is replicated for the specular transmittance modifier
877 + <I>ts_mod</I>, which also has its own independent roughness expressions.
878 + Finally, the diffuse transmittance modifier is given as
879 + <I>td_mod</I>, which may also be "void" or "inherit".
880 + Note that any spectra or color for specular components must be
881 + carried by the named modifier(s).
882 +
883 + <p>
884 +
885 + The main advantage to this material over
886 + <a HREF="#BRTDfunc">BRTDfunc</a> and
887 + other programmable types described below is that the specular sampling is
888 + well-defined, so that all components are fully computed.
889 +
890 + <p>
891 +
892 + <dt>
893          <a NAME="Dielectric">
894          <b>Dielectric</b>
895          </a>
# Line 1093 | Line 1174 | unless the line integrals consider enclosed geometry.
1174          placed slightly less than the given thickness away from the front surface
1175          to enclose the complex geometry on both sides.
1176          The sign of the thickness is important, as it indicates
1177 <        whether the proxied geometry is behind the <em>BSDF</em>
1177 >        whether the proxied geometry is behind the BSDF
1178          surface (when thickness is positive) or in front (when
1179          thickness is negative).
1180   <p>
# Line 1131 | Line 1212 | unless the line integrals consider enclosed geometry.
1212   <p>
1213  
1214   <dt>
1215 +        <a NAME="aBSDF">
1216 +        <b>aBSDF</b>
1217 +        </a>
1218 +
1219 + <dd>
1220 +        The aBSDF material is identical to the BSDF type with two
1221 +        important differences.  First, proxy geometry is not
1222 +        supported, so there is no thickness parameter.  Second, an
1223 +        aBSDF is assumed to have some specular through component
1224 +        (the &rsquo;a&rsquo; stands for &quot;aperture&quot;),
1225 +        which is treated specially during the direct calculation
1226 +        and when viewing the material.  Based on the BSDF data, the
1227 +        coefficient of specular transmission is determined and used
1228 +        for modifying unscattered shadow and view rays.
1229 +
1230 + <pre>
1231 +        mod aBSDF id
1232 +        5+ BSDFfile ux uy uz funcfile transform
1233 +        0
1234 +        0|3|6|9
1235 +             rfdif gfdif bfdif
1236 +             rbdif gbdif bbdif
1237 +             rtdif gtdif btdif
1238 + </pre>
1239 +
1240 + <p>
1241 +        If a material has no specular transmitted component, it is
1242 +        much better to use the BSDF type with a zero thickness
1243 +        than to use aBSDF.
1244 + <p>
1245 +
1246 + <dt>
1247          <a NAME="Antimatter">
1248          <b>Antimatter</b>
1249          </a>
# Line 1404 | Line 1517 | or:
1517          A section of text meant to  depict  a  picture, perhaps using a special purpose font such as hexbit4x1.fnt, calls for uniform  spacing.  
1518          Reasonable  magnitudes  for  proportional  spacing are between 0.1 (for tightly spaced characters) and 0.3 (for wide spacing).
1519  
1520 + <p>
1521 +
1522 + <dt>
1523 +        <a NAME="Spectrum">
1524 +        <b>Spectrum</b>
1525 +        </a>
1526 +
1527 + <dd>
1528 +        The spectrum primitive is the most basic type for introducing spectral
1529 +        color to a material.
1530 +        Since materials only provide RGB parameters, spectral patterns
1531 +        are the only way to superimpose wavelength-dependent behavior.
1532 +
1533 + <pre>
1534 +        mod spectrum id
1535 +        0
1536 +        0
1537 +        5+ nmA nmB s1 s2 .. sN
1538 + </pre>
1539 +
1540 + <p>
1541 +        The first two real arguments indicate the extrema of the
1542 +        spectral range in nanometers.
1543 +        Subsequent real values correspond to multipliers at each wavelength.
1544 +        The nmA wavelength may be greater or less than nmB,
1545 +        but they may not be equal, and their ordering matches
1546 +        the order of the spectral values.
1547 +        A minimum of 3 values must be given, which would act
1548 +        more or less the same as a constant RGB multiplier.
1549 +        As with RGB values, spectral quantities normally range between 0
1550 +        and 1 at each wavelength, or average to 1.0 against a standard
1551 +        sensitivity functions such as V(lambda).
1552 +        The best results obtain when the spectral range and number
1553 +        of samples match rendering options, though resampling will handle
1554 +        any differences, zero-filling wavelenths outside the nmA to nmB
1555 +        range.
1556 +        A warning will be issued if the given wavelength range does not
1557 +        adequately cover the visible spectrum.
1558 +
1559 + <p>
1560 +
1561 + <dt>
1562 +        <a NAME="Specfile">
1563 +        <b>Specfile</b>
1564 +        </a>
1565 +
1566 + <dd>
1567 +        The specfile primitive is equivalent to the spectrum type, but
1568 +        the wavelength range and values are contained in a 1-dimensional
1569 +        data file.
1570 +        This may be a more convenient way to specify a spectral color,
1571 +        especially one corresponding to a standard illuminant such as D65
1572 +        or a library of measured spectra.
1573 +
1574 + <pre>
1575 +        mod specfile id
1576 +        1 datafile
1577 +        0
1578 +        0
1579 + </pre>
1580 +
1581 + <p>
1582 +        As with the spectrum type, rendering wavelengths outside the defined
1583 +        range will be zero-filled.
1584 +        Unlike the spectrum type, the file may contain non-uniform samples.
1585 +
1586 + <p>
1587 +
1588 + <dt>
1589 +        <a NAME="Specfunc">
1590 +        <b>Specfunc</b>
1591 +        </a>
1592 +
1593 + <dd>
1594 +        The specfunc primitive offers dynamic control over a spectral
1595 +        pattern, similar to the colorfunc type.
1596 +
1597 + <pre>
1598 +        mod specfunc id
1599 +        2+ sfunc funcfile transform
1600 +        0
1601 +        2+ nmA nmB A3 ..
1602 + </pre>
1603 +
1604 + <p>
1605 +        Like the spectrum primitive, the wavelength range is specified
1606 +        in the first two real arguments, and additional real values are
1607 +        set in the evaluation context.
1608 +        This function is fed a wavelenth sample
1609 +        between nmA and nmB as its only argument,
1610 +        and it returns the corresponding spectral intensity.
1611 +
1612 + <dt>
1613 +       <a NAME="Specdata">
1614 +       <b>Specdata</b>
1615 +       </a>
1616 +
1617 + <dd>
1618 +        Specdata is like brightdata and colordata, but with more
1619 +        than 3 specular samples.
1620 +
1621 + <pre>
1622 +        mod specdata id
1623 +        3+n+
1624 +                func datafile
1625 +                funcfile x1 x2 .. xn transform
1626 +        0
1627 +        m A1 A2 .. Am
1628 + </pre>
1629 +
1630 + <p>
1631 +        The data file must have one more dimension than the coordinate
1632 +        variable count, as this final dimension corresponds to the covered
1633 +        spectrum.
1634 +        The starting and ending wavelengths are specified in "datafile"
1635 +        as well as the number of spectral samples.
1636 +        The function "func" will be called with two parameters, the
1637 +        interpolated spectral value for the current coordinate and the
1638 +        associated wavelength.
1639 +        If the spectrum is broken into 12 components, then 12 calls
1640 +        will be made to "func" for the relevant ray evaluation.
1641 +
1642 + <dt>
1643 +       <a NAME="Specpict">
1644 +       <b>Specpict</b>
1645 +       </a>
1646 +
1647 + <dd>
1648 +        Specpict is a special case of specdata, where the pattern is
1649 +        a hyperspectral image stored in the common-exponent file format.
1650 +        The dimensions of the image data are determined by the picture
1651 +        just as with the colorpict primitive.
1652 +
1653 + <pre>
1654 +        mod specpict id
1655 +        5+
1656 +                func specfile
1657 +                funcfile u v transform
1658 +        0
1659 +        m A1 A2 .. Am
1660 + </pre>
1661 +
1662 + <p>
1663 +        The function "func" is called with the interpolated pixel value
1664 +        and the wavelength sample in nanometers, the same as specdata,
1665 +        with as many calls made as there are components in "specfile".
1666 +
1667   </dl>
1668  
1669   <p>
# Line 1414 | Line 1674 | or:
1674   </h4>
1675  
1676   A mixture is a blend of one or more materials or textures and patterns.
1677 + Blended materials should not be light source types or virtual source types.
1678   The basic types are given below.
1679  
1680   <p>
# Line 1486 | Line 1747 | A mixfunc mixes  two  modifiers  procedurally.   It  i
1747          arguments, the red, green and blue values
1748          corresponding to the pixel at (u,v).
1749  
1489 – </dl>
1750   <p>
1751  
1752   <dt>
# Line 1752 | Line 2012 | The details of this process  are  not  important, but
2012   directs the use of a scene description.
2013   <ul>
2014   <li>
2015 < <a NAME="rvu" HREF="../man_html/rvu.1.html"><b>Rview</b></a>  is  ray-tracing  program  for  viewing  a  scene interactively.  
2015 > <a NAME="rvu" HREF="../man_html/rvu.1.html"><b>Rvu</b></a>  is  ray-tracing  program  for  viewing  a  scene interactively.  
2016   When  the user specifies a new perspective, rvu quickly displays a rough image on the  terminal,  
2017   then progressively increases the resolution as the user looks on.
2018   He can select a particular section of the image to  improve, or  move  to  a different view and start over.  
# Line 1788 | Line 2048 | Pictures may be displayed directly under X11 using the
2048   or converted a standard image format using one of the following
2049   <b>translators</b>:
2050          <ul>
2051 <        <li> <b>Ra_avs</b>
2052 <                converts to and from AVS image format.
1793 <        <li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_pict.1.html"><b>Ra_pict</b></a>
1794 <                converts to Macintosh 32-bit PICT2 format.
2051 >        <li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_bmp.1.html"><b>Ra_bmp</b></a>
2052 >                converts to and from BMP image format.
2053          <li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_ppm.1.html"><b>Ra_ppm</b></a>
2054                  converts to and from Poskanzer Portable Pixmap formats.
1797 –        <li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_pr.1.html"><b>Ra_pr</b></a>
1798 –                converts to and from Sun 8-bit rasterfile format.
1799 –        <li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_pr24.1.html"><b>Ra_pr24</b></a>
1800 –                converts to and from Sun 24-bit rasterfile format.
2055          <li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_ps.1.html"><b>Ra_ps</b></a>
2056                  converts to PostScript color and greyscale formats.
2057          <li> <a HREF="../man_html/ra_rgbe.1.html"><b>Ra_rgbe</b></a>
# Line 1823 | Line 2077 | or converted a standard image format using one of the
2077   <pre>
2078   The Radiance Software License, Version 1.0
2079  
2080 < Copyright (c) 1990 - 2010 The Regents of the University of California,
2080 > Copyright (c) 1990 - 2021 The Regents of the University of California,
2081   through Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.   All rights reserved.
2082  
2083   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# Line 1857 | Line 2111 | are met:
2111        nor may &quot;Radiance&quot; appear in their name, without prior written
2112        permission of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
2113  
2114 < THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED
2114 > THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS&quot; AND ANY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED
2115   WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
2116   OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
2117   DISCLAIMED.   IN NO EVENT SHALL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory OR
# Line 1896 | Line 2150 | Ecole  Polytechnique  Federale de Lausanne (EPFL Unive
2150   </h2>
2151   <p>
2152   <ul>
2153 +    <li>Ward, Gregory J., Bruno Bueno, David Geisler-Moroder,
2154 +      Lars O. Grobe, Jacob C. Jonsson, Eleanor
2155 +      S. Lee, Taoning Wang, Helen Rose Wilson,
2156 +      &quot;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.111890">Daylight
2157 +      Simulation Workflows Incorporating Measured Bidirectional
2158 +      Scattering Distribution Functions</a>&quot;
2159 +      <em>Energy &amp; Buildings</em>, Vol. 259, No. 11890, 2022.
2160 +    <li>Wang, Taoning, Gregory Ward, Eleanor Lee,
2161 +      &quot;<a href="https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1XQ0a1M7zGwT7v">Efficient
2162 +      modeling of optically-complex, non-coplanar exterior shading:
2163 +      Validation of matrix algebraic methods</a>&quot;
2164 +      <em>Energy & Buildings</em>, vol. 174, pp. 464-83, Sept. 2018.
2165 +    <li>Lee, Eleanor S., David Geisler-Moroder, Gregory Ward,
2166 +      &quot;<a href="https://eta.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/solar_energy.pdf">Modeling
2167 +      the direct sun component in buildings using matrix
2168 +      algebraic approaches: Methods and
2169 +      validation</a>,&quot; <em>Solar Energy</em>,
2170 +      vol. 160, 15 January 2018, pp 380-395.
2171 +    <li>Narain, Rahul, Rachel A. Albert, Abdullah Bulbul,
2172 +       Gregory J. Ward, Marty Banks, James F. O'Brien,
2173 +       &quot;<a href="http://graphics.berkeley.edu/papers/Narain-OPI-2015-08/index.html">Optimal
2174 +       Presentation of Imagery with Focus
2175 +       Cues on Multi-Plane Displays</a>,&quot;
2176 +       <em>SIGGRAPH 2015</em>.
2177 +    <li>Ward, Greg, Murat Kurt, and Nicolas Bonneel,
2178 +        &quot;<a href="papers/WMAM14_Tensor_Tree_Representation.pdf">Reducing
2179 +        Anisotropic BSDF Measurement to Common Practice</a>,&quot;
2180 +        <em>Workshop on Material Appearance Modeling</em>, 2014.
2181 +    <li>Banks, Martin, Abdullah Bulbul, Rachel Albert, Rahul Narain,
2182 +        James F. O'Brien, Gregory Ward,
2183 +        &quot;<a href="http://graphics.berkeley.edu/papers/Banks-TPO-2014-05/index.html">The
2184 +        Perception of Surface Material from Disparity and Focus Cues</a>,&quot;
2185 +        <em>VSS 2014</em>.
2186 +    <li>McNeil, A., C.J. Jonsson, D. Appelfeld, G. Ward, E.S. Lee,
2187 +        &quot;<a href="http://gaia.lbl.gov/btech/papers/4414.pdf">
2188 +        A validation of a ray-tracing tool used to generate
2189 +        bi-directional scattering distribution functions for
2190 +        complex fenestration systems</a>,&quot;
2191 +        <em>Solar Energy</em>, 98, 404-14,
2192 +        November 2013.
2193 +    <li>Ward, G., R. Mistrick, E.S. Lee, A. McNeil, J. Jonsson,
2194 +        &quot;<a href="http://gaia.lbl.gov/btech/papers/4414.pdf">Simulating
2195 +        the Daylight Performance of Complex Fenestration Systems
2196 +        Using Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Functions within
2197 +        Radiance</a>,&quot;
2198 +        <em>Leukos</em>, 7(4)
2199 +        April 2011.
2200      <li>Cater, Kirsten, Alan Chalmers, Greg Ward,
2201          &quot;<a href="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/egsr2003.pdf">Detail to Attention:
2202          Exploiting Visual Tasks for Selective Rendering</a>,&quot;
2203          <em>Eurographics Symposium
2204          on Rendering 2003</em>, June 2003.
2205      <li>Ward, Greg, Elena Eydelberg-Vileshin,
2206 <        ``<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/egwr02/index.html">Picture Perfect RGB
2207 <        Rendering Using Spectral Prefiltering and Sharp Color Primaries</a>,''
2206 >        &quot;<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/egwr02/index.html">Picture Perfect RGB
2207 >        Rendering Using Spectral Prefiltering and Sharp Color Primaries</a>,&quot;
2208          Thirteenth Eurographics Workshop on Rendering (2002),
2209          P. Debevec and S. Gibson (Editors), June 2002.
2210      <li>Ward, Gregory,
2211 <        ``<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/cic01.pdf">High Dynamic Range Imaging</a>,''
2211 >        &quot;<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/cic01.pdf">High Dynamic Range Imaging</a>,&quot;
2212          Proceedings of the Ninth Color Imaging Conference, November 2001.
2213      <li>Ward, Gregory and Maryann Simmons,
2214 <        ``<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/tog99.pdf">
2214 >        &quot;<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/tog99.pdf">
2215          The Holodeck Ray Cache: An Interactive Rendering System for Global Illumination in Nondiffuse
2216 <        Environments</a>,'' ACM Transactions on Graphics, 18(4):361-98, October 1999.
2217 <    <li>Larson, G.W., ``<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/ewp98.pdf">The Holodeck: A Parallel
2218 <        Ray-caching Rendering System</a>,'' Proceedings of the Second
2216 >        Environments</a>,&quot; ACM Transactions on Graphics, 18(4):361-98, October 1999.
2217 >    <li>Larson, G.W., &quot;<a HREF="http://www.anyhere.com/gward/papers/ewp98.pdf">The Holodeck: A Parallel
2218 >        Ray-caching Rendering System</a>,&quot; Proceedings of the Second
2219          Eurographics Workshop on Parallel Graphics and Visualisation,
2220          September 1998.
2221      <li>Larson, G.W. and R.A. Shakespeare,
# Line 1922 | Line 2223 | Ecole  Polytechnique  Federale de Lausanne (EPFL Unive
2223          the Art and Science of Lighting Visualization</em></a>,
2224          Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1998.
2225      <li>Larson, G.W., H. Rushmeier, C. Piatko,
2226 <        ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/lbnl39882/tonemap.pdf">A Visibility
2226 >        &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/lbnl39882/tonemap.pdf">A Visibility
2227          Matching Tone Reproduction Operator for
2228 <        High Dynamic Range Scenes</a>,'' LBNL Technical Report 39882,
2228 >        High Dynamic Range Scenes</a>,&quot; LBNL Technical Report 39882,
2229          January 1997.
2230 <    <li>Ward, G., ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw95.1/paper.html">Making
2231 <        Global Illumination User-Friendly</a>,'' Sixth
2230 >    <li>Ward, G., &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw95.1/paper.html">Making
2231 >        Global Illumination User-Friendly</a>,&quot; Sixth
2232          Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, Springer-Verlag,
2233          Dublin, Ireland, June 1995.</li>
2234      <li>Rushmeier, H., G. Ward, C. Piatko, P. Sanders, B. Rust,
2235 <        ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/mgf/compare.html">
2235 >        &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/mgf/compare.html">
2236          Comparing Real and Synthetic Images: Some Ideas about
2237 <        Metrics</a>,'' Sixth Eurographics Workshop on Rendering,
2237 >        Metrics</a>,&quot; Sixth Eurographics Workshop on Rendering,
2238          Springer-Verlag, Dublin, Ireland, June 1995.</li>
2239 <    <li>Ward, G., ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg94.1/paper.html">The RADIANCE
2240 <        Lighting Simulation and Rendering System</a>,'' <em>Computer
2239 >    <li>Ward, G., &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg94.1/paper.html">The RADIANCE
2240 >        Lighting Simulation and Rendering System</a>,&quot; <em>Computer
2241          Graphics</em>, July 1994.</li>
2242 <    <li>Rushmeier, H., G. Ward, ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg94.2/energy.html">Energy
2243 <        Preserving Non-Linear Filters</a>,'' <em>Computer
2242 >    <li>Rushmeier, H., G. Ward, &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg94.2/energy.html">Energy
2243 >        Preserving Non-Linear Filters</a>,&quot; <em>Computer
2244          Graphics</em>, July 1994.</li>
2245 <    <li>Ward, G., ``A Contrast-Based Scalefactor for Luminance
2246 <        Display,'' <em>Graphics Gems IV</em>, Edited by Paul Heckbert,
2245 >    <li>Ward, G., &quot;A Contrast-Based Scalefactor for Luminance
2246 >        Display,&quot; <em>Graphics Gems IV</em>, Edited by Paul Heckbert,
2247          Academic Press 1994.</li>
2248 <    <li>Ward, G., ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg92/paper.html">Measuring and
2249 <        Modeling Anisotropic Reflection</a>,'' <em>Computer
2248 >    <li>Ward, G., &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg92/paper.html">Measuring and
2249 >        Modeling Anisotropic Reflection</a>,&quot; <em>Computer
2250          Graphics</em>, Vol. 26, No. 2, July 1992. </li>
2251 <    <li>Ward, G., P. Heckbert, ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw92/paper.html">Irradiance
2252 <        Gradients</a>,'' Third Annual Eurographics Workshop on
2251 >    <li>Ward, G., P. Heckbert, &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw92/paper.html">Irradiance
2252 >        Gradients</a>,&quot; Third Annual Eurographics Workshop on
2253          Rendering, Springer-Verlag, May 1992. </li>
2254 <    <li>Ward, G., ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw91/erw91.html">Adaptive Shadow
2255 <        Testing for Ray Tracing</a>'' Photorealistic Rendering in
2254 >    <li>Ward, G., &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/erw91/erw91.html">Adaptive Shadow
2255 >        Testing for Ray Tracing</a>&quot; Photorealistic Rendering in
2256          Computer Graphics, proceedings of 1991 Eurographics
2257          Rendering Workshop, edited by P. Brunet and F.W. Jansen,
2258          Springer-Verlag. </li>
2259 <    <li>Ward, G., ``Visualization,'' <em>Lighting Design and
2259 >    <li>Ward, G., &quot;Visualization,&quot; <em>Lighting Design and
2260          Application</em>, Vol. 20, No. 6, June 1990. </li>
2261 <    <li>Ward, G., F. Rubinstein, R. Clear, ``<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg88/paper.html">A Ray Tracing Solution for
2262 <        Diffuse Interreflection</a>,'' <em>Computer Graphics</em>,
2261 >    <li>Ward, G., F. Rubinstein, R. Clear, &quot;<a HREF="http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/papers/sg88/paper.html">A Ray Tracing Solution for
2262 >        Diffuse Interreflection</a>,&quot; <em>Computer Graphics</em>,
2263          Vol. 22, No. 4, August 1988. </li>
2264 <    <li>Ward, G., F. Rubinstein, ``A New Technique for Computer
2265 <        Simulation of Illuminated Spaces,'' <em>Journal of the
2264 >    <li>Ward, G., F. Rubinstein, &quot;A New Technique for Computer
2265 >        Simulation of Illuminated Spaces,&quot; <em>Journal of the
2266          Illuminating Engineering Society</em>, Vol. 17, No. 1,
2267          Winter 1988. </li>
2268   </ul>

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