18 |
|
] |
19 |
|
.br |
20 |
|
.B "rpict [ options ] \-defaults" |
21 |
+ |
.br |
22 |
+ |
.B "rpict \-features [feat1 ..]" |
23 |
|
.SH DESCRIPTION |
24 |
|
.I Rpict |
25 |
|
generates a picture from the RADIANCE scene given in |
43 |
|
for the options (modified by those options present) |
44 |
|
are printed with a brief explanation. |
45 |
|
.PP |
46 |
+ |
In the third form, a list of supported features is sent |
47 |
+ |
to the standard output, one per line. |
48 |
+ |
If additional arguments follow, they are checked for presence in |
49 |
+ |
this list. |
50 |
+ |
If a feature includes subfeatures, these may be checked as well by |
51 |
+ |
specifying: |
52 |
+ |
.nf |
53 |
+ |
|
54 |
+ |
rpict -features FeatName=subfeat1,subfeat2 |
55 |
+ |
|
56 |
+ |
.fi |
57 |
+ |
If any named feature or subfeature is missing, an error is |
58 |
+ |
reported and the program returns an error status. |
59 |
+ |
If all of the named features are present, a zero status is returned. |
60 |
+ |
.PP |
61 |
|
Most options are followed by one or more arguments, which must be |
62 |
|
separated from the option and each other by white space. |
63 |
|
The exceptions to this rule are the |
87 |
|
to the letter 'c'. |
88 |
|
This view is like a standard perspective vertically, but projected |
89 |
|
on a cylinder horizontally (like a soupcan's-eye view). |
90 |
< |
Two fisheye views are provided as well; 'h' yields a hemispherical fisheye |
91 |
< |
view and 'a' results in angular fisheye distortion. |
90 |
> |
Three fisheye views are provided as well; 'h' yields a hemispherical fisheye |
91 |
> |
view, 'a' results in angular fisheye distortion, and 's' |
92 |
> |
results in a planisphere (stereographic) projection. |
93 |
|
A hemispherical fisheye is a projection of the hemisphere onto a circle. |
94 |
|
The maximum view angle for this type is 180 degrees. |
95 |
|
An angular fisheye view is defined such that distance from the center of |
96 |
|
the image is proportional to the angle from the central view direction. |
97 |
|
An angular fisheye can display a full 360 degrees. |
98 |
+ |
A planisphere fisheye view maintains angular relationships between lines, |
99 |
+ |
and is commonly used for sun path analysis. |
100 |
+ |
This is more commonly known as a |
101 |
+ |
"stereographic projection," but we avoid the term here so as not to |
102 |
+ |
confuse it with a stereoscopic pair. |
103 |
+ |
A planisphere fisheye can display up to (but not including) 360 degrees, |
104 |
+ |
although distortion becomes extreme as this limit is approached. |
105 |
|
Note that there is no space between the view type |
106 |
|
option and its single letter argument. |
107 |
|
.TP |
177 |
|
rendering an image a piece at a time. |
178 |
|
A value of 1 means that the rendered image starts just to the right of |
179 |
|
the normal view. |
180 |
< |
A value of -1 would be to the left. |
180 |
> |
A value of \-1 would be to the left. |
181 |
|
Larger or fractional values are permitted as well. |
182 |
|
.TP |
183 |
|
.BI -vl \ val |
228 |
|
Distributed ray-tracing performs anti-aliasing by randomly sampling |
229 |
|
over pixels. |
230 |
|
A value of one will randomly distribute samples over full |
231 |
< |
pixels. |
231 |
> |
pixels, and is not really recommended due to the tendency of |
232 |
> |
samples to (nearly) coincide. |
233 |
|
A value of zero samples pixel centers only. |
234 |
< |
A value between zero and one is usually best |
209 |
< |
for low-resolution images. |
234 |
> |
A value around 0.5-0.8 is typical. |
235 |
|
.TP |
236 |
|
.BI -pm \ frac |
237 |
|
Set the pixel motion blur to |
271 |
|
.I \-pd |
272 |
|
option, to avoid the ghosting effect of too few samples. |
273 |
|
.TP |
274 |
+ |
.BI -pc " xr yr xg yg xb yb xw yw" |
275 |
+ |
Use the specified chromaticity pairs for output primaries and white |
276 |
+ |
point rather than the standard RGB color space. |
277 |
+ |
.TP |
278 |
+ |
.BR \-pRGB |
279 |
+ |
Output standard RGB values (the default). |
280 |
+ |
.TP |
281 |
+ |
.BR \-pXYZ |
282 |
+ |
Output standard CIE XYZ tristimulus values rather than RGB. |
283 |
+ |
.TP |
284 |
|
.BI -dj \ frac |
285 |
|
Set the direct jittering to |
286 |
|
.I frac. |
298 |
|
.I frac |
299 |
|
is too large. |
300 |
|
It is usually wise to turn off image sampling when using |
301 |
< |
direct jitter by setting -ps to 1. |
301 |
> |
direct jitter by setting \-ps to 1. |
302 |
|
.TP |
303 |
|
.BI -ds \ frac |
304 |
|
Set the direct sampling ratio to |
337 |
|
specification will be calculated. |
338 |
|
.TP |
339 |
|
.BI -dr \ N |
340 |
< |
Set the number of relays for secondary sources to |
340 |
> |
Set the number of relays for virtual sources to |
341 |
|
.I N. |
342 |
< |
A value of 0 means that secondary sources will be ignored. |
342 |
> |
A value of 0 means that virtual sources will be ignored. |
343 |
|
A value of 1 means that sources will be made into first generation |
344 |
< |
secondary sources; a value of 2 means that first generation |
345 |
< |
secondary sources will also be made into second generation secondary |
344 |
> |
virtual sources; a value of 2 means that first generation |
345 |
> |
virtual sources will also be made into second generation virtual |
346 |
|
sources, and so on. |
347 |
|
.TP |
348 |
|
.BI -dp \ D |
349 |
< |
Set the secondary source presampling density to D. |
349 |
> |
Set the virtual source presampling density to D. |
350 |
|
This is the number of samples per steradian |
351 |
|
that will be used to determine ahead of time whether or not |
352 |
|
it is worth following shadow rays through all the reflections and/or |
353 |
< |
transmissions associated with a secondary source path. |
354 |
< |
A value of 0 means that the full secondary source path will always |
353 |
> |
transmissions associated with a virtual source path. |
354 |
> |
A value of 0 means that the full virtual source path will always |
355 |
|
be tested for shadows if it is tested at all. |
356 |
|
.TP |
357 |
|
.BR \-dv |
362 |
|
.I \-i |
363 |
|
option so that light sources do not appear in the output. |
364 |
|
.TP |
365 |
< |
.BI -sj \ frac |
366 |
< |
Set the specular sampling jitter to |
367 |
< |
.I frac. |
368 |
< |
This is the degree to which the highlights are sampled |
369 |
< |
for rough specular materials. |
370 |
< |
A value of one means that all highlights will be fully sampled |
371 |
< |
using distributed ray tracing. |
365 |
> |
.BI -ss \ samp |
366 |
> |
Set the specular sampling to |
367 |
> |
.I samp. |
368 |
> |
For values less than 1, this is the degree to which the highlights |
369 |
> |
are sampled for rough specular materials. |
370 |
> |
A value greater than one causes multiple ray samples to be sent |
371 |
> |
to reduce noise at a commmesurate cost. |
372 |
|
A value of zero means that no jittering will take place, and all |
373 |
|
reflections will appear sharp even when they should be diffuse. |
374 |
|
This may be desirable when used in combination with image sampling |
392 |
|
.TP |
393 |
|
.BR -bv |
394 |
|
Boolean switch for back face visibility. |
395 |
< |
With this switch off, back faces of opaque objects will be invisible |
396 |
< |
to all rays. |
395 |
> |
With this switch off, back faces of all objects will be invisible |
396 |
> |
to view rays. |
397 |
|
This is dangerous unless the model was constructed such that |
398 |
< |
all surface normals on opaque objects face outward. |
398 |
> |
all surface normals face outward. |
399 |
|
Although turning off back face visibility does not save much |
400 |
|
computation time under most circumstances, it may be useful as a |
401 |
|
tool for scene debugging, or for seeing through one-sided walls from |
402 |
|
the outside. |
368 |
– |
This option has no effect on transparent or translucent materials. |
403 |
|
.TP |
404 |
|
.BI -av " red grn blu" |
405 |
|
Set the ambient value to a radiance of |
432 |
|
.BI -ab \ N |
433 |
|
Set the number of ambient bounces to |
434 |
|
.I N. |
435 |
< |
This is the maximum number of diffuse bounces |
436 |
< |
computed by the indirect calculation. |
437 |
< |
A value of zero implies no indirect calculation. |
435 |
> |
This is the maximum number of diffuse bounces computed by the indirect |
436 |
> |
calculation. A value of zero implies no indirect calculation. |
437 |
> |
.IP |
438 |
> |
This value defaults to 1 in photon mapping mode (see |
439 |
> |
.I -ap |
440 |
> |
below), implying that global photon irradiance is always computed via |
441 |
> |
.I one |
442 |
> |
ambient bounce; this behaviour applies to any positive number of ambient |
443 |
> |
bounces, regardless of the actual value specified. A negative value enables |
444 |
> |
a preview mode that directly visualises the irradiance from the global |
445 |
> |
photon map without any ambient bounces. |
446 |
|
.TP |
447 |
|
.BI -ar \ res |
448 |
|
Set the ambient resolution to |
466 |
|
Set the ambient accuracy to |
467 |
|
.I acc. |
468 |
|
This value will approximately equal the error |
469 |
< |
from indirect illuminance interpolation. |
469 |
> |
from indirect irradiance interpolation. |
470 |
|
A value of zero implies no interpolation. |
471 |
|
.TP |
472 |
|
.BI -ad \ N |
473 |
|
Set the number of ambient divisions to |
474 |
|
.I N. |
475 |
|
The error in the Monte Carlo calculation of indirect |
476 |
< |
illuminance will be inversely proportional to the square |
476 |
> |
irradiance will be inversely proportional to the square |
477 |
|
root of this number. |
478 |
|
A value of zero implies no indirect calculation. |
479 |
|
.TP |
486 |
|
.BI -af \ fname |
487 |
|
Set the ambient file to |
488 |
|
.I fname. |
489 |
< |
This is where indirect illuminance will be stored and retrieved. |
490 |
< |
Normally, indirect illuminance values are kept in memory and |
489 |
> |
This is where indirect irradiance will be stored and retrieved. |
490 |
> |
Normally, indirect irradiance values are kept in memory and |
491 |
|
lost when the program finishes or dies. |
492 |
< |
By using a file, different invocations can share illuminance |
492 |
> |
By using a file, different invocations can share irradiance |
493 |
|
values, saving time in the computation. |
494 |
< |
Also, by creating an ambient file during a low resolution rendering, |
495 |
< |
better results can be obtained in a second high resolution pass. |
494 |
> |
Also, by creating an ambient file during a low-resolution rendering, |
495 |
> |
better results can be obtained in a second high-resolution pass. |
496 |
> |
(It is a good idea to keep all of the calculation parameters the same, |
497 |
> |
changing only the dimensions of the output picture.)\0 |
498 |
|
The ambient file is in a machine-independent binary format |
499 |
|
which may be examined with |
500 |
|
.I lookamb(1). |
516 |
|
.I Getinfo(1) |
517 |
|
may be used to print out this information. |
518 |
|
.TP |
519 |
< |
.BI -ae \ mat |
519 |
> |
.BI -ae \ mod |
520 |
|
Append |
521 |
< |
.I mat |
521 |
> |
.I mod |
522 |
|
to the ambient exclude list, |
523 |
|
so that it will not be considered during the indirect calculation. |
524 |
|
This is a hack for speeding the indirect computation by |
525 |
|
ignoring certain objects. |
526 |
|
Any object having |
527 |
< |
.I mat |
527 |
> |
.I mod |
528 |
|
as its modifier will get the default ambient |
529 |
|
level rather than a calculated value. |
530 |
< |
Any number of excluded materials may be given, but each |
530 |
> |
Any number of excluded modifiers may be given, but each |
531 |
|
must appear in a separate option. |
532 |
|
.TP |
533 |
< |
.BI -ai \ mat |
533 |
> |
.BI -ai \ mod |
534 |
|
Add |
535 |
< |
.I mat |
535 |
> |
.I mod |
536 |
|
to the ambient include list, |
537 |
|
so that it will be considered during the indirect calculation. |
538 |
|
The program can use either an include list or an exclude |
541 |
|
.BI -aE \ file |
542 |
|
Same as |
543 |
|
.I \-ae, |
544 |
< |
except read materials to be excluded from |
544 |
> |
except read modifiers to be excluded from |
545 |
|
.I file. |
546 |
|
The RAYPATH environment variable determines which directories are |
547 |
|
searched for this file. |
548 |
< |
The material names are separated by white space in the file. |
548 |
> |
The modifier names are separated by white space in the file. |
549 |
|
.TP |
550 |
|
.BI -aI \ file |
551 |
|
Same as |
552 |
|
.I \-ai, |
553 |
< |
except read materials to be included from |
553 |
> |
except read modifiers to be included from |
554 |
|
.I file. |
555 |
|
.TP |
556 |
+ |
.BI -ap " file [bwidth1 [bwidth2]]" |
557 |
+ |
Enable photon mapping mode. Loads a photon map generated with |
558 |
+ |
.I mkpmap(1) |
559 |
+ |
from |
560 |
+ |
.I file, |
561 |
+ |
and evaluates the indirect irradiance depending on the photon type |
562 |
+ |
(automagically detected) using density estimates with a bandwidth of |
563 |
+ |
.I bwidth1 |
564 |
+ |
photons, or the default bandwidth if none is specified (a warning will be |
565 |
+ |
issued in this case). |
566 |
+ |
.IP |
567 |
+ |
Global photon irradiance is evaluated as part of the ambient calculation (see |
568 |
+ |
.I \-ab |
569 |
+ |
above), caustic photon irradiance is evaluated at primary rays, and |
570 |
+ |
indirect inscattering in |
571 |
+ |
.I mist |
572 |
+ |
is accounted for by volume photons. Contribution photons are treated as |
573 |
+ |
global photons by |
574 |
+ |
.I rpict. |
575 |
+ |
.IP |
576 |
+ |
Additionally specifying |
577 |
+ |
.I bwidth2 |
578 |
+ |
enables bias compensation for the density estimates with a |
579 |
+ |
minimum and maximum bandwidth of |
580 |
+ |
.I bwidth1 |
581 |
+ |
and |
582 |
+ |
.I bwidth2, |
583 |
+ |
respectively. |
584 |
+ |
.IP |
585 |
+ |
Global photon irradiance may be optionally precomputed by |
586 |
+ |
.I mkpmap(1), |
587 |
+ |
in which case the bandwidth, if specified, is ignored, as the nearest photon |
588 |
+ |
is invariably looked up. |
589 |
+ |
.IP |
590 |
+ |
Using direct photons replaces the direct calculation with density estimates |
591 |
+ |
for debugging and validation of photon emission. |
592 |
+ |
.TP |
593 |
+ |
.BI -am " frac" |
594 |
+ |
Maximum search radius for photon map lookups. Without this option, an |
595 |
+ |
initial maximum search radius is estimated for each photon map from the |
596 |
+ |
average photon distance to the distribution's centre of gravity. It is then |
597 |
+ |
adapted to the photon density in subsequent lookups. This option imposes a |
598 |
+ |
global fixed maximum search radius for |
599 |
+ |
.I all |
600 |
+ |
photon maps, thus defeating the automatic adaptation. It is useful when |
601 |
+ |
multiple warnings about short photon lookups are issued. Note that this |
602 |
+ |
option does not conflict with the bandwidth specified with the |
603 |
+ |
.I \-ap |
604 |
+ |
option; the number of photons found will not exceed the latter, but may be |
605 |
+ |
lower if the maximum search radius contains fewer photons, thus resulting in |
606 |
+ |
short lookups. Setting this radius too large, on the other hand, may |
607 |
+ |
degrade performance. |
608 |
+ |
.TP |
609 |
+ |
.BI -ac " pagesize" |
610 |
+ |
Set the photon cache page size when using out-of-core photon mapping. The |
611 |
+ |
photon cache reduces disk I/O incurred by on-demand loading (paging) of |
612 |
+ |
photons, and thus increases performance. This |
613 |
+ |
is expressed as a (float) multiple of the density estimate bandwidth |
614 |
+ |
specified with |
615 |
+ |
.I \-ap |
616 |
+ |
under the assumption that photon lookups are local to a cache page. Cache |
617 |
+ |
performance is sensitive to this parameter: larger pagesizes will reduce the |
618 |
+ |
paging frequency at the expense of higher latency when paging does occur. |
619 |
+ |
Sensible values are in the range 4 (default) to 16. |
620 |
+ |
.TP |
621 |
+ |
.BI -aC " cachesize" |
622 |
+ |
Set the total number of photons cached when using out-of-core photon |
623 |
+ |
mapping, taking into account the pagesize specified by |
624 |
+ |
.I \-ac. |
625 |
+ |
Note that this is approximate as the number of cache pages is rounded to |
626 |
+ |
the nearest prime. This allows adapting the cache to the available physical |
627 |
+ |
memory. Cache performance is less sensitive to this parameter, and reasonable |
628 |
+ |
performance can obtained with as few as 10k photons. The default is 1M. This |
629 |
+ |
option recognises multiplier suffixes (k = 1e3, M = 1e6), both in upper and |
630 |
+ |
lower case. |
631 |
+ |
.TP |
632 |
|
.BI -me " rext gext bext" |
633 |
|
Set the global medium extinction coefficient to the indicated color, |
634 |
|
in units of 1/distance (distance in world coordinates). |
675 |
|
.I \-dv |
676 |
|
option (above) may be used to override this. |
677 |
|
.TP |
678 |
+ |
.BR \-u |
679 |
+ |
Boolean switch to control uncorrelated random sampling. |
680 |
+ |
When "off", a low-discrepancy sequence is used, which reduces |
681 |
+ |
variance but can result in a dithered appearance in specular highlights. |
682 |
+ |
When "on", pure Monte Carlo sampling is used in all calculations. |
683 |
+ |
.TP |
684 |
|
.BI -lr \ N |
685 |
|
Limit reflections to a maximum of |
686 |
< |
.I N. |
686 |
> |
.I N, |
687 |
> |
if N is a positive integer. |
688 |
> |
If |
689 |
> |
.I N |
690 |
> |
is zero, then Russian roulette is used for ray |
691 |
> |
termination, and the |
692 |
> |
.I -lw |
693 |
> |
setting (below) must be positive. |
694 |
> |
If N is a negative integer, then this limits the maximum |
695 |
> |
number of reflections even with Russian roulette. |
696 |
> |
In scenes with dielectrics and total internal reflection, |
697 |
> |
a setting of 0 (no limit) may cause a stack overflow. |
698 |
|
.TP |
699 |
|
.BI -lw \ frac |
700 |
|
Limit the weight of each ray to a minimum of |
701 |
|
.I frac. |
702 |
< |
During ray-tracing, a record is kept of the final contribution |
703 |
< |
a ray would have to the image. |
704 |
< |
If it is less then the specified minimum, the ray is not traced. |
702 |
> |
During ray-tracing, a record is kept of the estimated contribution |
703 |
> |
(weight) a ray would have in the image. |
704 |
> |
If this weight is less than the specified minimum and the |
705 |
> |
.I -lr |
706 |
> |
setting (above) is positive, the ray is not traced. |
707 |
> |
Otherwise, Russian roulette is used to |
708 |
> |
continue rays with a probability equal to the ray weight |
709 |
> |
divided by the given |
710 |
> |
.I frac. |
711 |
|
.TP |
712 |
+ |
.BI -cs \ Ns |
713 |
+ |
Use |
714 |
+ |
.I Ns |
715 |
+ |
bands for spectral sampling rather than the default RGB calculation space. |
716 |
+ |
The maximum setting is controlled by the compiler macro MAXCSAMP, and |
717 |
+ |
defaults to 24. |
718 |
+ |
Larger values for Ns will be reduced to MAXCSAMP. |
719 |
+ |
.TP |
720 |
+ |
.BI -cw " nmA nmB" |
721 |
+ |
Set extrema to the given wavelengths for spectral sampling. |
722 |
+ |
The default is 380 and 780 nanometers. |
723 |
+ |
The order specified does not matter. |
724 |
+ |
.TP |
725 |
|
.BI -S \ seqstart |
726 |
|
Instead of generating a single picture based only on the view |
727 |
|
parameters given on the command line, this option causes |
908 |
|
A progress report writes the number of rays traced, the percentage |
909 |
|
completed, and the CPU usage to the standard error. |
910 |
|
Reports are given either automatically after the specified interval, |
911 |
< |
or when the process receives a continue (-CONT) signal (see |
911 |
> |
or when the process receives a continue (\-CONT) signal (see |
912 |
|
.I kill(1)). |
913 |
|
A value of zero turns automatic reporting off. |
914 |
|
.TP |
922 |
|
The default is to print warnings, so the first appearance of |
923 |
|
this option turns them off. |
924 |
|
.SH EXAMPLE |
925 |
< |
rpict -vp 10 5 3 -vd 1 -.5 0 scene.oct > scene.pic |
925 |
> |
rpict \-vp 10 5 3 \-vd 1 \-.5 0 scene.oct > scene.hdr |
926 |
|
.PP |
927 |
< |
rpict -S 1 -o frame%02d.pic scene.oct < keyframes.vf |
927 |
> |
rpict \-S 1 \-o frame%02d.hdr scene.oct < keyframes.vf |
928 |
> |
.PP |
929 |
> |
To render ambient irradiance in photon mapping mode from a global photon |
930 |
> |
map global.pm via one ambient bounce, and from a caustic photon map |
931 |
> |
caustic.pm: |
932 |
> |
.IP "" .2i |
933 |
> |
rpict -ab 1 -ap global.pm 50 -ap caustic.pm 50 -vf scene.vf scene.oct > |
934 |
> |
scene.hdr |
935 |
|
.SH ENVIRONMENT |
936 |
|
RAYPATH the directories to check for auxiliary files. |
937 |
|
.SH FILES |
938 |
< |
/usr/tmp/rtXXXXXX common header information for picture sequence |
938 |
> |
/tmp/rtXXXXXX common header information for picture sequence |
939 |
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.br |
940 |
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rfXXXXXX temporary name for recover file |
941 |
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.SH DIAGNOSTICS |
951 |
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.SH AUTHOR |
952 |
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Greg Ward |
953 |
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.SH "SEE ALSO" |
954 |
< |
getinfo(1), lookamb(1), oconv(1), pdfblur(1), pfilt(1), pinterp(1), pmblur(1), |
955 |
< |
printf(3), ra_rgbe(1), rad(1), rtrace(1), rvu(1) |
954 |
> |
getinfo(1), lookamb(1), mkpmap(1), oconv(1), pdfblur(1), pfilt(1), |
955 |
> |
pinterp(1), pmblur(1), printf(3), ra_rgbe(1), rad(1), rpiece(1), rtpict(1), rtrace(1), rvu(1) |