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.\" RCSid "$Id" |
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.\" RCSid "$Id$" |
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.TH RPICT 1 2/26/99 RADIANCE |
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.SH NAME |
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rpict - generate a RADIANCE picture |
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] |
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.br |
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.B "rpict [ options ] \-defaults" |
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.br |
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.B "rpict \-features [feat1 ..]" |
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.SH DESCRIPTION |
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.I Rpict |
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generates a picture from the RADIANCE scene given in |
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for the options (modified by those options present) |
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are printed with a brief explanation. |
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.PP |
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In the third form, a list of supported features is sent |
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to the standard output, one per line. |
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If additional arguments follow, they are checked for presence in |
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this list. |
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If a feature includes subfeatures, these may be checked as well by |
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specifying: |
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.nf |
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|
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rpict -features FeatName=subfeat1,subfeat2 |
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|
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.fi |
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If any named feature or subfeature is missing, an error is |
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reported and the program returns an error status. |
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If all of the named features are present, a zero status is returned. |
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.PP |
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Most options are followed by one or more arguments, which must be |
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separated from the option and each other by white space. |
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The exceptions to this rule are the |
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to the letter 'c'. |
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This view is like a standard perspective vertically, but projected |
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on a cylinder horizontally (like a soupcan's-eye view). |
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Two fisheye views are provided as well; 'h' yields a hemispherical fisheye |
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view and 'a' results in angular fisheye distortion. |
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Three fisheye views are provided as well; 'h' yields a hemispherical fisheye |
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view, 'a' results in angular fisheye distortion, and 's' |
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results in a planisphere (stereographic) projection. |
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A hemispherical fisheye is a projection of the hemisphere onto a circle. |
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The maximum view angle for this type is 180 degrees. |
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An angular fisheye view is defined such that distance from the center of |
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the image is proportional to the angle from the central view direction. |
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An angular fisheye can display a full 360 degrees. |
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A planisphere fisheye view maintains angular relationships between lines, |
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and is commonly used for sun path analysis. |
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This is more commonly known as a |
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"stereographic projection," but we avoid the term here so as not to |
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confuse it with a stereoscopic pair. |
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A planisphere fisheye can display up to (but not including) 360 degrees, |
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although distortion becomes extreme as this limit is approached. |
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Note that there is no space between the view type |
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option and its single letter argument. |
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.TP |
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.BI -vd " xd yd zd" |
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Set the view direction vector to |
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.I "xd yd zd". |
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The length of this vector indicates the focal distance as needed by the |
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.I \-pd |
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option, described below. |
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.TP |
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.BI -vu " xd yd zd" |
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Set the view up vector (vertical direction) to |
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rendering an image a piece at a time. |
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A value of 1 means that the rendered image starts just to the right of |
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the normal view. |
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A value of -1 would be to the left. |
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A value of \-1 would be to the left. |
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Larger or fractional values are permitted as well. |
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.TP |
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.BI -vl \ val |
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.BI -vf \ file |
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Get view parameters from |
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.I file, |
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which may be a picture or a file created by rview (with the "view" command). |
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which may be a picture or a file created by rvu (with the "view" command). |
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.TP |
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.BI -x \ res |
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Set the maximum x resolution to |
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Distributed ray-tracing performs anti-aliasing by randomly sampling |
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over pixels. |
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A value of one will randomly distribute samples over full |
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pixels. |
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pixels, and is not really recommended due to the tendency of |
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samples to (nearly) coincide. |
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A value of zero samples pixel centers only. |
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A value between zero and one is usually best |
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for low-resolution images. |
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A value around 0.5-0.8 is typical. |
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.TP |
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.BI -pm \ frac |
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Set the pixel motion blur to |
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.I \-pm |
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option, to avoid the ghosting effect of too few time samples. |
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.TP |
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.BI -pd \ dia |
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Set the pixel depth-of-field aperture to a diameter of |
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.I dia |
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(in world coordinates). |
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This will be used in conjunction with the view focal distance, indicated |
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by the length of the view direction vector given in the |
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.I \-vd |
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option. |
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It is not advisable to use this option in combination with the |
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.I pdfblur(1) |
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program, since one takes the place of the other. |
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However, it may improve results with |
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.I pdfblur |
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to use a very small fraction with the |
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.I \-pd |
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option, to avoid the ghosting effect of too few samples. |
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.TP |
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.BI -pc " xr yr xg yg xb yb xw yw" |
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Use the specified chromaticity pairs for output primaries and white |
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point rather than the standard RGB color space. |
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.TP |
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.BR \-pRGB |
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Output standard RGB values (the default). |
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.TP |
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.BR \-pXYZ |
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Output standard CIE XYZ tristimulus values rather than RGB. |
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.TP |
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.BI -f \ source |
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Load definitions from |
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.I source |
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and assign at global level. |
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.TP |
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.BI -e \ expr |
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Set additional definitions from |
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.I expr. |
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.TP |
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.BI -dj \ frac |
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Set the direct jittering to |
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.I frac. |
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.I frac |
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is too large. |
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It is usually wise to turn off image sampling when using |
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direct jitter by setting -ps to 1. |
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direct jitter by setting \-ps to 1. |
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.TP |
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.BI -ds \ frac |
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Set the direct sampling ratio to |
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specification will be calculated. |
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.TP |
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.BI -dr \ N |
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Set the number of relays for secondary sources to |
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Set the number of relays for virtual sources to |
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.I N. |
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A value of 0 means that secondary sources will be ignored. |
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A value of 0 means that virtual sources will be ignored. |
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A value of 1 means that sources will be made into first generation |
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secondary sources; a value of 2 means that first generation |
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secondary sources will also be made into second generation secondary |
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virtual sources; a value of 2 means that first generation |
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virtual sources will also be made into second generation virtual |
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sources, and so on. |
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.TP |
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.BI -dp \ D |
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Set the secondary source presampling density to D. |
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Set the virtual source presampling density to D. |
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This is the number of samples per steradian |
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that will be used to determine ahead of time whether or not |
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it is worth following shadow rays through all the reflections and/or |
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transmissions associated with a secondary source path. |
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A value of 0 means that the full secondary source path will always |
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transmissions associated with a virtual source path. |
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A value of 0 means that the full virtual source path will always |
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be tested for shadows if it is tested at all. |
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.TP |
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.BR \-dv |
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.I \-i |
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option so that light sources do not appear in the output. |
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.TP |
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.BI -sj \ frac |
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Set the specular sampling jitter to |
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.I frac. |
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This is the degree to which the highlights are sampled |
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for rough specular materials. |
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A value of one means that all highlights will be fully sampled |
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using distributed ray tracing. |
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.BI -ss \ samp |
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Set the specular sampling to |
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.I samp. |
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For values less than 1, this is the degree to which the highlights |
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are sampled for rough specular materials. |
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A value greater than one causes multiple ray samples to be sent |
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to reduce noise at a commmesurate cost. |
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A value of zero means that no jittering will take place, and all |
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reflections will appear sharp even when they should be diffuse. |
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This may be desirable when used in combination with image sampling |
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.TP |
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.BR -bv |
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Boolean switch for back face visibility. |
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With this switch off, back faces of opaque objects will be invisible |
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to all rays. |
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With this switch off, back faces of all objects will be invisible |
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to view rays. |
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This is dangerous unless the model was constructed such that |
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all surface normals on opaque objects face outward. |
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all surface normals face outward. |
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Although turning off back face visibility does not save much |
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computation time under most circumstances, it may be useful as a |
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tool for scene debugging, or for seeing through one-sided walls from |
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the outside. |
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This option has no effect on transparent or translucent materials. |
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.TP |
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.BI -av " red grn blu" |
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Set the ambient value to a radiance of |
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.BI -ab \ N |
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Set the number of ambient bounces to |
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.I N. |
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This is the maximum number of diffuse bounces |
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computed by the indirect calculation. |
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A value of zero implies no indirect calculation. |
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This is the maximum number of diffuse bounces computed by the indirect |
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calculation. A value of zero implies no indirect calculation. |
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.IP |
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This value defaults to 1 in photon mapping mode (see |
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.I -ap |
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below), implying that global photon irradiance is always computed via |
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.I one |
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ambient bounce; this behaviour applies to any positive number of ambient |
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bounces, regardless of the actual value specified. A negative value enables |
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a preview mode that directly visualises the irradiance from the global |
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photon map without any ambient bounces. |
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.TP |
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.BI -ar \ res |
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Set the ambient resolution to |
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Set the ambient accuracy to |
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.I acc. |
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This value will approximately equal the error |
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from indirect illuminance interpolation. |
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from indirect irradiance interpolation. |
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A value of zero implies no interpolation. |
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.TP |
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.BI -ad \ N |
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Set the number of ambient divisions to |
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.I N. |
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The error in the Monte Carlo calculation of indirect |
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illuminance will be inversely proportional to the square |
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irradiance will be inversely proportional to the square |
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root of this number. |
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A value of zero implies no indirect calculation. |
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.TP |
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.BI -af \ fname |
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Set the ambient file to |
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.I fname. |
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This is where indirect illuminance will be stored and retrieved. |
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Normally, indirect illuminance values are kept in memory and |
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This is where indirect irradiance will be stored and retrieved. |
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Normally, indirect irradiance values are kept in memory and |
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lost when the program finishes or dies. |
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By using a file, different invocations can share illuminance |
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By using a file, different invocations can share irradiance |
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values, saving time in the computation. |
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Also, by creating an ambient file during a low resolution rendering, |
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better results can be obtained in a second high resolution pass. |
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Also, by creating an ambient file during a low-resolution rendering, |
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better results can be obtained in a second high-resolution pass. |
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(It is a good idea to keep all of the calculation parameters the same, |
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changing only the dimensions of the output picture.)\0 |
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The ambient file is in a machine-independent binary format |
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which may be examined with |
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.I lookamb(1). |
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.I Getinfo(1) |
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may be used to print out this information. |
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.TP |
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.BI -ae \ mat |
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.BI -ae \ mod |
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Append |
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.I mat |
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.I mod |
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to the ambient exclude list, |
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so that it will not be considered during the indirect calculation. |
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This is a hack for speeding the indirect computation by |
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ignoring certain objects. |
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Any object having |
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.I mat |
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.I mod |
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as its modifier will get the default ambient |
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level rather than a calculated value. |
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Any number of excluded materials may be given, but each |
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Any number of excluded modifiers may be given, but each |
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must appear in a separate option. |
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.TP |
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.BI -ai \ mat |
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.BI -ai \ mod |
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Add |
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.I mat |
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> |
.I mod |
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to the ambient include list, |
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so that it will be considered during the indirect calculation. |
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The program can use either an include list or an exclude |
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.BI -aE \ file |
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Same as |
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.I \-ae, |
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except read materials to be excluded from |
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except read modifiers to be excluded from |
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.I file. |
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The RAYPATH environment variable determines which directories are |
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searched for this file. |
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The material names are separated by white space in the file. |
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The modifier names are separated by white space in the file. |
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.TP |
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.BI -aI \ file |
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Same as |
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.I \-ai, |
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except read materials to be included from |
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except read modifiers to be included from |
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.I file. |
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.TP |
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.BI -ap " file [bwidth1 [bwidth2]]" |
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Enable photon mapping mode. Loads a photon map generated with |
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.I mkpmap(1) |
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from |
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.I file, |
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and evaluates the indirect irradiance depending on the photon type |
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(automagically detected) using density estimates with a bandwidth of |
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.I bwidth1 |
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photons, or the default bandwidth if none is specified (a warning will be |
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issued in this case). |
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.IP |
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Global photon irradiance is evaluated as part of the ambient calculation (see |
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.I \-ab |
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above), caustic photon irradiance is evaluated at primary rays, and |
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indirect inscattering in |
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.I mist |
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is accounted for by volume photons. Contribution photons are treated as |
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global photons by |
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.I rpict. |
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.IP |
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Additionally specifying |
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.I bwidth2 |
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enables bias compensation for the density estimates with a |
| 588 |
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minimum and maximum bandwidth of |
| 589 |
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.I bwidth1 |
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and |
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.I bwidth2, |
| 592 |
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respectively. |
| 593 |
+ |
.IP |
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Global photon irradiance may be optionally precomputed by |
| 595 |
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.I mkpmap(1), |
| 596 |
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in which case the bandwidth, if specified, is ignored, as the nearest photon |
| 597 |
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is invariably looked up. |
| 598 |
+ |
.IP |
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Using direct photons replaces the direct calculation with density estimates |
| 600 |
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for debugging and validation of photon emission. |
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+ |
.TP |
| 602 |
+ |
.BI -am " frac" |
| 603 |
+ |
Maximum search radius for photon map lookups. Without this option, an |
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+ |
initial maximum search radius is estimated for each photon map from the |
| 605 |
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average photon distance to the distribution's centre of gravity. It is then |
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adapted to the photon density in subsequent lookups. This option imposes a |
| 607 |
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global fixed maximum search radius for |
| 608 |
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.I all |
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+ |
photon maps, thus defeating the automatic adaptation. It is useful when |
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multiple warnings about short photon lookups are issued. Note that this |
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option does not conflict with the bandwidth specified with the |
| 612 |
+ |
.I \-ap |
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option; the number of photons found will not exceed the latter, but may be |
| 614 |
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lower if the maximum search radius contains fewer photons, thus resulting in |
| 615 |
+ |
short lookups. Setting this radius too large, on the other hand, may |
| 616 |
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degrade performance. |
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+ |
.TP |
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+ |
.BI -ac " pagesize" |
| 619 |
+ |
Set the photon cache page size when using out-of-core photon mapping. The |
| 620 |
+ |
photon cache reduces disk I/O incurred by on-demand loading (paging) of |
| 621 |
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photons, and thus increases performance. This |
| 622 |
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is expressed as a (float) multiple of the density estimate bandwidth |
| 623 |
+ |
specified with |
| 624 |
+ |
.I \-ap |
| 625 |
+ |
under the assumption that photon lookups are local to a cache page. Cache |
| 626 |
+ |
performance is sensitive to this parameter: larger pagesizes will reduce the |
| 627 |
+ |
paging frequency at the expense of higher latency when paging does occur. |
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Sensible values are in the range 4 (default) to 16. |
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+ |
.TP |
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+ |
.BI -aC " cachesize" |
| 631 |
+ |
Set the total number of photons cached when using out-of-core photon |
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+ |
mapping, taking into account the pagesize specified by |
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.I \-ac. |
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+ |
Note that this is approximate as the number of cache pages is rounded to |
| 635 |
+ |
the nearest prime. This allows adapting the cache to the available physical |
| 636 |
+ |
memory. Cache performance is less sensitive to this parameter, and reasonable |
| 637 |
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performance can obtained with as few as 10k photons. The default is 1M. This |
| 638 |
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option recognises multiplier suffixes (k = 1e3, M = 1e6), both in upper and |
| 639 |
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lower case. |
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+ |
.TP |
| 641 |
|
.BI -me " rext gext bext" |
| 642 |
|
Set the global medium extinction coefficient to the indicated color, |
| 643 |
|
in units of 1/distance (distance in world coordinates). |
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|
.I \-dv |
| 685 |
|
option (above) may be used to override this. |
| 686 |
|
.TP |
| 687 |
+ |
.BR \-u |
| 688 |
+ |
Boolean switch to control uncorrelated random sampling. |
| 689 |
+ |
When "off", a low-discrepancy sequence is used, which reduces |
| 690 |
+ |
variance but can result in a dithered appearance in specular highlights. |
| 691 |
+ |
When "on", pure Monte Carlo sampling is used in all calculations. |
| 692 |
+ |
.TP |
| 693 |
|
.BI -lr \ N |
| 694 |
|
Limit reflections to a maximum of |
| 695 |
< |
.I N. |
| 695 |
> |
.I N, |
| 696 |
> |
if N is a positive integer. |
| 697 |
> |
If |
| 698 |
> |
.I N |
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> |
is zero, then Russian roulette is used for ray |
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> |
termination, and the |
| 701 |
> |
.I -lw |
| 702 |
> |
setting (below) must be positive. |
| 703 |
> |
If N is a negative integer, then this limits the maximum |
| 704 |
> |
number of reflections even with Russian roulette. |
| 705 |
> |
In scenes with dielectrics and total internal reflection, |
| 706 |
> |
a setting of 0 (no limit) may cause a stack overflow. |
| 707 |
|
.TP |
| 708 |
|
.BI -lw \ frac |
| 709 |
|
Limit the weight of each ray to a minimum of |
| 710 |
|
.I frac. |
| 711 |
< |
During ray-tracing, a record is kept of the final contribution |
| 712 |
< |
a ray would have to the image. |
| 713 |
< |
If it is less then the specified minimum, the ray is not traced. |
| 711 |
> |
During ray-tracing, a record is kept of the estimated contribution |
| 712 |
> |
(weight) a ray would have in the image. |
| 713 |
> |
If this weight is less than the specified minimum and the |
| 714 |
> |
.I -lr |
| 715 |
> |
setting (above) is positive, the ray is not traced. |
| 716 |
> |
Otherwise, Russian roulette is used to |
| 717 |
> |
continue rays with a probability equal to the ray weight |
| 718 |
> |
divided by the given |
| 719 |
> |
.I frac. |
| 720 |
|
.TP |
| 721 |
+ |
.BI -cs \ Ns |
| 722 |
+ |
Use |
| 723 |
+ |
.I Ns |
| 724 |
+ |
bands for spectral sampling rather than the default RGB calculation space. |
| 725 |
+ |
The maximum setting is controlled by the compiler macro MAXCSAMP, and |
| 726 |
+ |
defaults to 24. |
| 727 |
+ |
Larger values for Ns will be reduced to MAXCSAMP. |
| 728 |
+ |
.TP |
| 729 |
+ |
.BI -cw " nmA nmB" |
| 730 |
+ |
Set extrema to the given wavelengths for spectral sampling. |
| 731 |
+ |
The default is 380 and 780 nanometers. |
| 732 |
+ |
The order specified does not matter. |
| 733 |
+ |
.TP |
| 734 |
|
.BI -S \ seqstart |
| 735 |
|
Instead of generating a single picture based only on the view |
| 736 |
|
parameters given on the command line, this option causes |
| 917 |
|
A progress report writes the number of rays traced, the percentage |
| 918 |
|
completed, and the CPU usage to the standard error. |
| 919 |
|
Reports are given either automatically after the specified interval, |
| 920 |
< |
or when the process receives a continue (-CONT) signal (see |
| 920 |
> |
or when the process receives a continue (\-CONT) signal (see |
| 921 |
|
.I kill(1)). |
| 922 |
|
A value of zero turns automatic reporting off. |
| 923 |
|
.TP |
| 925 |
|
Send error messages and progress reports to |
| 926 |
|
.I efile |
| 927 |
|
instead of the standard error. |
| 928 |
+ |
(Note this option overlaps with "-e expr" above, so file paths |
| 929 |
+ |
with '=' or ':' in them are not allowed on this option.) |
| 930 |
|
.TP |
| 931 |
|
.BR \-w |
| 932 |
|
Boolean switch for warning messages. |
| 933 |
|
The default is to print warnings, so the first appearance of |
| 934 |
|
this option turns them off. |
| 935 |
|
.SH EXAMPLE |
| 936 |
< |
rpict -vp 10 5 3 -vd 1 -.5 0 scene.oct > scene.pic |
| 936 |
> |
rpict \-vp 10 5 3 \-vd 1 \-.5 0 scene.oct > scene.hdr |
| 937 |
|
.PP |
| 938 |
< |
rpict -S 1 -o frame%02d.pic scene.oct < keyframes.vf |
| 938 |
> |
rpict \-S 1 \-o frame%02d.hdr scene.oct < keyframes.vf |
| 939 |
> |
.PP |
| 940 |
> |
To render ambient irradiance in photon mapping mode from a global photon |
| 941 |
> |
map global.pm via one ambient bounce, and from a caustic photon map |
| 942 |
> |
caustic.pm: |
| 943 |
> |
.IP "" .2i |
| 944 |
> |
rpict -ab 1 -ap global.pm 50 -ap caustic.pm 50 -vf scene.vf scene.oct > |
| 945 |
> |
scene.hdr |
| 946 |
|
.SH ENVIRONMENT |
| 947 |
|
RAYPATH the directories to check for auxiliary files. |
| 948 |
|
.SH FILES |
| 949 |
< |
/usr/tmp/rtXXXXXX common header information for picture sequence |
| 949 |
> |
/tmp/rtXXXXXX common header information for picture sequence |
| 950 |
|
.br |
| 951 |
|
rfXXXXXX temporary name for recover file |
| 952 |
|
.SH DIAGNOSTICS |
| 962 |
|
.SH AUTHOR |
| 963 |
|
Greg Ward |
| 964 |
|
.SH "SEE ALSO" |
| 965 |
< |
getinfo(1), lookamb(1), oconv(1), pfilt(1), pinterp(1), pmblur(1), |
| 966 |
< |
printf(3), ra_rgbe(1), rad(1), rtrace(1), rview(1) |
| 965 |
> |
getinfo(1), lookamb(1), mkpmap(1), oconv(1), pdfblur(1), pfilt(1), |
| 966 |
> |
pinterp(1), pmblur(1), printf(3), ra_rgbe(1), rad(1), rpiece(1), rtpict(1), rtrace(1), rvu(1) |
