1 |
.\" RCSid "$Id" |
2 |
.TH RAD 1 2/1/99 RADIANCE |
3 |
.SH NAME |
4 |
rad - render a RADIANCE scene |
5 |
.SH SYNOPSIS |
6 |
.B rad |
7 |
[ |
8 |
.B \-s |
9 |
][ |
10 |
.B \-n |
11 |
][ |
12 |
.B \-t |
13 |
][ |
14 |
.B \-e |
15 |
][ |
16 |
.B \-V |
17 |
][ |
18 |
.B \-w |
19 |
][ |
20 |
.B "\-v view" |
21 |
][ |
22 |
.B "\-o device" |
23 |
] |
24 |
.B rfile |
25 |
[ |
26 |
.B "VAR\=value .." |
27 |
] |
28 |
.SH DESCRIPTION |
29 |
.I Rad |
30 |
is an executive program that reads the given |
31 |
.I rfile |
32 |
and makes appropriate calls to |
33 |
.I oconv(1), |
34 |
.I mkillum(1), |
35 |
.I rpict(1), |
36 |
.I pfilt(1), |
37 |
and/or |
38 |
.I rview(1) |
39 |
to render a specific scene. |
40 |
Variables in |
41 |
.I rfile |
42 |
give input files and qualitative information about the rendering(s) |
43 |
desired that together enable |
44 |
.I rad |
45 |
to intelligently set parameter values and control the simulation. |
46 |
.PP |
47 |
Normally, commands are echoed to the standard output as they are |
48 |
executed. |
49 |
The |
50 |
.I \-s |
51 |
option tells |
52 |
.I rad |
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to do its work silently. |
54 |
The |
55 |
.I \-n |
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option tells |
57 |
.I rad |
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not to take any action (ie. not to actually execute any commands). |
59 |
The |
60 |
.I \-t |
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option tells |
62 |
.I rad |
63 |
to bring rendering files up to date relative to the input |
64 |
(scene description) files, without performing any actual |
65 |
calculations. |
66 |
If no octree exists, it is still necessary to run |
67 |
.I oconv(1) |
68 |
to create one, since the |
69 |
.I \-t |
70 |
option will not create invalid (i.e. empty) files, and |
71 |
a valid octree is necessary for the correct operation of |
72 |
.I rad. |
73 |
The |
74 |
.I \-e |
75 |
option tells |
76 |
.I rad |
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to explicate all variables used for the simulation, including |
78 |
default values not specified in the input file, and print them on |
79 |
the standard output. |
80 |
.PP |
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Normally, |
82 |
.I rad |
83 |
will produce one picture for each view given in |
84 |
.I rfile. |
85 |
The |
86 |
.I \-v |
87 |
option may be used to specify a single desired view. |
88 |
The |
89 |
.I view |
90 |
argument may either be a complete view specification |
91 |
(enclosed in quotes and beginning with an optional identifier) |
92 |
or a number or single-word identifier to match a view defined in |
93 |
.I rfile. |
94 |
If the argument is one of the standard view identifiers, |
95 |
it may or may not be further elaborated in |
96 |
.I rfile. |
97 |
(See "view" variable description, below.)\0 |
98 |
If the argument does not match any views in |
99 |
.I rfile |
100 |
and is not one of the standard views, no rendering will take place. |
101 |
This may be convenient when the only action desired of |
102 |
.I rad |
103 |
is the rebuilding of the octree. |
104 |
In particular, the argument "0" will never match a view. |
105 |
.PP |
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If the |
107 |
.I \-V |
108 |
option is given, |
109 |
each view will be printed on the standard output before |
110 |
being applied, in a form suitable for use in a view file or |
111 |
.I rpict |
112 |
rendering sequence. |
113 |
This is helpful as feedback or for accessing the |
114 |
.I rad |
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view assignments without necessarily starting a rendering. |
116 |
.PP |
117 |
By default, |
118 |
.I rad |
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will run |
120 |
.I rpict |
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and |
122 |
.I pfilt |
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to produce a picture for each view. |
124 |
The |
125 |
.I \-o |
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option specifies an output device for |
127 |
.I rview |
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(usually "x11") |
129 |
and runs this interactive program instead, using the first view in |
130 |
.I rfile |
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or the view given with the |
132 |
.I \-v |
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option as the starting point. |
134 |
.PP |
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Additional variable settings may be added or overridden on the |
136 |
command line following |
137 |
.I rfile. |
138 |
Upper case variables specified more than once will result in |
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a warning message (unless the |
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.I \-w |
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option is present), |
142 |
and the last value given will be the one used. |
143 |
.PP |
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The |
145 |
.I \-w |
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option turns off warnings about multiply and misassigned variables. |
147 |
.PP |
148 |
Rendering variable assignments appear one per line in |
149 |
.I rfile. |
150 |
The name of the variable is followed by an equals sign |
151 |
('=') and its value(s). |
152 |
The end of line may be escaped with a backslash ('\\'), though it is |
153 |
not usually necessary since additional variable values may be given |
154 |
in multiple assignments. |
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Variables that should have only one value are given in upper case. |
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Variables that may have multiple values are given in lower case. |
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Variables may be abbreviated by their first three letters. |
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Comments in |
159 |
.I rfile |
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start with a pound sign ('#') and proceed to the end of line. |
161 |
.PP |
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The rendering variables, their interpretations and default values |
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are given below. |
164 |
.TP 10n |
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.BR OCTREE |
166 |
The name of the octree file. |
167 |
The default name is the same as |
168 |
.I rfile |
169 |
but with any suffix replaced by ".oct". |
170 |
(The octree must be a file -- |
171 |
.I rad |
172 |
cannot work with commands that produce octrees.)\0 |
173 |
.TP |
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.BR ZONE |
175 |
This variable specifies the volume of interest for this simulation. |
176 |
The first word is either "Interior" or "Exterior", depending on |
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whether the zone is to be observed from the inside or the outside, |
178 |
respectively. |
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(A single letter may be given, and case does not matter.)\0 |
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The following six numbers are the minimum and maximum |
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X coordinates, minimum and maximum Y, and minimum and maximum Z |
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for the zone perimeter. |
183 |
It is important to give the zone as it is used to determine many of |
184 |
the rendering parameters. |
185 |
The default exterior zone is the bounding cube for the scene as |
186 |
computed by |
187 |
.I oconv. |
188 |
.TP |
189 |
.BR EXPOSURE |
190 |
This variable tells |
191 |
.I rad |
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how to adjust the exposure for display. |
193 |
It is important to set this variable properly as it is used to |
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determine the ambient value. |
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An appropriate setting may be discovered by running |
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.I rview |
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and noting the exposure given by the "exposure =" command. |
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As in |
199 |
.I rview |
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and |
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.I pfilt, |
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the exposure setting may be given either as a multiplier or as a |
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number of f-stop adjustments (eg. +2 or -1.5). |
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There is no default value for this variable. |
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If it is not given, an average level will be computed by |
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.I pfilt |
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and the ambient value will be set to 10 for exterior zones |
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and 0.01 for interior zones. |
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.TP |
210 |
.BR EYESEP |
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The interocular spacing for stereo viewing. |
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I.e., the world distance between the pupils of the left and right eyes. |
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The default value is the sum of the three "ZONE" dimensions divided by 100. |
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.TP |
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.BR scene |
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This variable is used to specify one or more scene input files. |
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These files will be given together with the materials file(s) |
218 |
and any options specified by the "oconv" variable to |
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.I oconv |
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to produce the octree given by the "OCTREE" variable. |
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In-line commands may be specified in quotes instead of a file, |
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beginning with an exclamation mark ('!'). |
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If the "scene" variable is not present, then the octree must already exist |
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in order for |
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.I rad |
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to work. |
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Even if this variable is given, |
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.I oconv |
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will not be run unless the octree is out of date with respect to |
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the input files. |
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Note that the order of files in this variable is important for |
232 |
.I oconv |
233 |
to work properly, and files given in later variable assignments will |
234 |
appear after previous ones on the |
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.I oconv |
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command line. |
237 |
.TP |
238 |
.BR materials |
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This variable is used to specify files that, although they must |
240 |
appear on the |
241 |
.I oconv |
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command line, do not affect the actual octree itself. |
243 |
Keeping the materials in separate files allows them to be modified |
244 |
without requiring the octree to be rebuilt (a sometimes costly |
245 |
procedure). |
246 |
These files should not contain any geometry, and the |
247 |
.I \-f |
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option must not be given in the "oconv" variable for this to work. |
249 |
.TP |
250 |
.BR illum |
251 |
This variable is used to specify files with surfaces to be converted into |
252 |
illum sources by |
253 |
.I mkillum(1). |
254 |
When this variable is given, additional octree files will be created |
255 |
to contain the scene before and after illum source conversion. |
256 |
These files will be named according to the (default) value of the |
257 |
.I OCTREEE |
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variable, with either a '0' or a '1' appearing just before the file |
259 |
type suffix (usually ".oct"). |
260 |
.TP |
261 |
.BR objects |
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This variable is used for files that, although they do not appear |
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on the |
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.I oconv |
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command line, contain geometric information that is referenced |
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indirectly by the scene files. |
267 |
If any of these files is changed, the octree will be rebuilt. |
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(The |
269 |
.I raddepend(1) |
270 |
command may be used to find these dependencies automatically.)\0 |
271 |
.TP |
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.BR view |
273 |
This variable is used to specify a desired view for this zone. |
274 |
Any number of "view" lines may be given, and each will result in a |
275 |
rendered picture (unless the |
276 |
.I \-v |
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or |
278 |
.I \-o |
279 |
option is specified). |
280 |
The value for this variable is an optional identifier followed by |
281 |
any number of view options (see |
282 |
.I rpict(1) |
283 |
for a complete listing). |
284 |
The identifier is used in file naming and associating a desired view |
285 |
with the |
286 |
.I \-v |
287 |
command line option. |
288 |
Also, there are several standard view identifiers defined by |
289 |
.I rad. |
290 |
These standard views are specified by strings of the form |
291 |
"[Xx]?[Yy]?[Zz]?[vlcah]?". |
292 |
(That is, an optional upper or lower case X followed by an optional |
293 |
upper or lower case Y followed by an optional upper or lower case Z |
294 |
followed by an optional lower case V, L, C, A or H.)\0 |
295 |
The letters indicate the desired view position, where upper case X |
296 |
means maximum X, lower case means minimum and so on. |
297 |
The final letter is the view type, where 'v' is perspective (the |
298 |
default), 'l' is parallel, 'c' is a cylindrical panorama, |
299 |
'a' is angular fisheye, and 'h' is hemispherical fisheye. |
300 |
A perspective view from maximum X, minimum Y would be "Xy" or "Xyv". |
301 |
A parallel view from maximum Z would be "Zl". |
302 |
If "ZONE" is an interior zone, the standard views will |
303 |
be inside the perimeter. |
304 |
If it is an exterior zone, the standard views will be outside. |
305 |
Note that the standard views are best used as starting points, |
306 |
and additional arguments may be given after the |
307 |
identifier to modify a standard view to suit a particular model. |
308 |
The default view is "X" if no views are specified. |
309 |
A single specified view of "0" means no views will be automatically |
310 |
generated. |
311 |
.TP |
312 |
.BR UP |
313 |
The vertical axis for this scene. |
314 |
A negative axis may be specified with a minus sign (eg. "-Y"). |
315 |
There is no default value for this variable, although the standard |
316 |
views assume Z is up if no other axis is specified. |
317 |
.TP |
318 |
.BR RESOLUTION |
319 |
This variable specifies the desired final picture resolution. |
320 |
If only a single number is given, this value will be used for both |
321 |
the horizontal and vertical picture dimensions. |
322 |
If two numbers are given, the first is the horizontal resolution and |
323 |
the second is the vertical resolution. |
324 |
If three numbers are given, the third is taken as the pixel aspect |
325 |
ratio for the final picture (a real value). |
326 |
If the pixel aspect ratio is zero, the exact dimensions given will |
327 |
be those produced. |
328 |
Otherwise, they will be used as a frame in which the final image |
329 |
must fit. |
330 |
The default value for this variable is 512. |
331 |
.TP |
332 |
.BR QUALITY |
333 |
This variable sets the overall rendering quality desired. |
334 |
It can have one of three values, "LOW", "MEDIUM" or "HIGH". |
335 |
These may be abbreviated by their first letter, and may be |
336 |
in upper or lower case. |
337 |
Most of the rendering options will be affected by this setting. |
338 |
The default value is "L". |
339 |
.TP |
340 |
.BR PENUMBRAS |
341 |
This is a boolean variable indicating whether or not penumbras are |
342 |
desired. |
343 |
A value of "TRUE" will result in penumbras (soft shadows), and a |
344 |
value of "FALSE" will result in no penumbras (sharp shadows). |
345 |
True and false may be written in upper or lower case, and may be |
346 |
abbreviated by a single letter. |
347 |
Renderings generally proceed much faster without penumbras. |
348 |
The default value is "F". |
349 |
.TP |
350 |
.BR INDIRECT |
351 |
This variable indicates how many diffuse reflections are important in the |
352 |
general lighting of this zone. |
353 |
A direct lighting system (eg. fluorescent troffers recessed in the |
354 |
ceiling) corresponds to an indirect level of 0. |
355 |
An indirect lighting system (eg. hanging fluorescents directed at a |
356 |
reflective ceiling) corresponds to an indirect level of 1. |
357 |
A diffuse light shelf reflecting sunlight onto the ceiling would |
358 |
correspond to an indirect level of 2. |
359 |
The setting of this variable partially determines how many interreflections |
360 |
will be calculated. |
361 |
The default value is 0. |
362 |
.TP |
363 |
.BR PICTURE |
364 |
This is the root name of the output picture file(s). |
365 |
This name will have appended the view identifier (or a number if no |
366 |
id was used) and a ".pic" suffix. |
367 |
If a picture corresponding to a specific view exists and is not out |
368 |
of date with respect to the given octree, it will not be |
369 |
re-rendered. |
370 |
The default value for this variable is the root portion of |
371 |
.I rfile. |
372 |
.TP |
373 |
.BR RAWFILE |
374 |
This is the root name of the finished, raw |
375 |
.I rpict |
376 |
output file. |
377 |
If specified, |
378 |
.I rad |
379 |
will rename the original |
380 |
.I rpict |
381 |
output file once it is finished and filtered |
382 |
rather than removing it, which is the default action. |
383 |
The given root name will be expanded in the same way as the |
384 |
"PICTURE" variable, and if the "RAWFILE" and "PICTURE" variables |
385 |
are identical, then no filtering will take place. |
386 |
.TP |
387 |
.BR ZFILE |
388 |
This is the root name of the raw distance file produced by the |
389 |
.I \-z |
390 |
option of |
391 |
.I rpict. |
392 |
To this root name, an underscore plus the view name plus a ".zbf" |
393 |
suffix will be added. |
394 |
If no "ZFILE" is specified, none will be produced. |
395 |
.TP |
396 |
.BR AMBFILE |
397 |
This is the name of the file where "ambient" or diffuse interreflection |
398 |
values will be stored by |
399 |
.I rpict |
400 |
or |
401 |
.I rview. |
402 |
Although it is not required, an ambient file should be given whenever |
403 |
an interreflection calculation is expected. |
404 |
This will optimize successive runs and minimize artifacts. |
405 |
An interreflection calculation will take place when the |
406 |
"QUALITY" variable is set to HIGH, or when the "QUALITY" |
407 |
variable is set to MEDIUM and "INDIRECT" is positive. |
408 |
There is no default value for this variable. |
409 |
.TP |
410 |
.BR DETAIL |
411 |
This variable specifies the level of visual detail in this zone, |
412 |
and is used to determine image sampling rate, among other things. |
413 |
If there are few surfaces and simple shading, then this should be set |
414 |
to LOW. |
415 |
For a zone with some furniture it might be set to MEDIUM. |
416 |
If the space is very cluttered or contains a lot of geometric detail |
417 |
and textures, then it should be set to HIGH. |
418 |
The default value is "M". |
419 |
.TP |
420 |
.BR VARIABILITY |
421 |
This variable tells |
422 |
.I rad |
423 |
how much light varies over the surfaces of this zone, and is |
424 |
used to determine what level of sampling is necessary in the |
425 |
indirect calculation. |
426 |
For an electric lighting system with uniform coverage, the value |
427 |
should be set to LOW. |
428 |
For a space with spot lighting or a window with sky illumination |
429 |
only, it might be set to MEDIUM. |
430 |
For a space with penetrating sunlight casting bright patches in a |
431 |
few places, it should be set to HIGH. |
432 |
The default value is "L". |
433 |
.TP |
434 |
.BR OPTFILE |
435 |
This is the name of a file in which |
436 |
.I rad |
437 |
will place the appropriate rendering options. |
438 |
This file can later be accessed by |
439 |
.I rpict |
440 |
or |
441 |
.I rview |
442 |
in subsequent manual runs using the at-sign ('@') file insert option. |
443 |
(Using an "OPTFILE" also reduces the length of the rendering |
444 |
command, which improves appearance and may even be necessary on some |
445 |
systems.)\0 |
446 |
There is no default value for this variable. |
447 |
.TP |
448 |
.BR REPORT |
449 |
This variable may be used to specify a reporting interval for |
450 |
batch rendering. |
451 |
Given in minutes, this value is multiplied by 60 and passed to |
452 |
.I rpict |
453 |
with the |
454 |
.I \-t |
455 |
option. |
456 |
If a filename is given after the interval, it will be used as the |
457 |
error file for reports and error messages instead of the standard error. |
458 |
(See the |
459 |
.I \-e |
460 |
option of |
461 |
.I rpict(1).\)\0 |
462 |
There is no default value for this variable. |
463 |
.TP |
464 |
.BR oconv |
465 |
This variable may be used to specify special options to |
466 |
.I oconv. |
467 |
See the |
468 |
.I oconv(1) |
469 |
manual page for a list of valid options. |
470 |
.TP |
471 |
.BR mkillum |
472 |
This variable may be used to specify additional options to |
473 |
.I mkillum. |
474 |
See the |
475 |
.I rtrace(1) |
476 |
manual page for a list of valid options. |
477 |
.TP |
478 |
.BR render |
479 |
This variable may be used to specify additional options to |
480 |
.I rpict |
481 |
or |
482 |
.I rview. |
483 |
These options will appear after the options set automatically by |
484 |
.I rad, |
485 |
and thus will override the default values. |
486 |
.TP |
487 |
.BR pfilt |
488 |
This variable may be used to specify additional options to |
489 |
.I pfilt. |
490 |
See the |
491 |
.I pfilt(1) |
492 |
manual page for details. |
493 |
.SH EXAMPLES |
494 |
A minimal input file for |
495 |
.I rad |
496 |
might look like this: |
497 |
.IP "" .3i |
498 |
.nf |
499 |
:::::::::: |
500 |
sample.rif |
501 |
:::::::::: |
502 |
# The octree we want to use: |
503 |
OCTREE= tutor.oct # w/o this line, name would be "sample.oct" |
504 |
# Our scene input files: |
505 |
scene= sky.rad outside.rad room.rad srcwindow.rad |
506 |
# The interior zone cavity: |
507 |
ZONE= I 0 3 0 2 0 1.75 # default would be scene bounding cube |
508 |
# The z-axis is up: |
509 |
UP= Z # no default - would use view spec. |
510 |
# Our exposure needs one f-stop boost: |
511 |
EXPOSURE= +1 # default is computed ex post facto |
512 |
.fi |
513 |
.PP |
514 |
Note that we have not specified any views in the file above. |
515 |
The standard default view "X" would be used if we were to run |
516 |
.I rad |
517 |
on this file. |
518 |
If we only want to see what default values |
519 |
.I rad |
520 |
would use without actually executing anything, we can invoke it thus: |
521 |
.IP "" .2i |
522 |
rad -n -e sample.rif |
523 |
.PP |
524 |
This will print the variables we have given as well as default |
525 |
values |
526 |
.I rad |
527 |
has assigned for us. |
528 |
Also, we will see the list of commands that |
529 |
.I rad |
530 |
would have executed had the |
531 |
.I \-n |
532 |
option not been present. |
533 |
(Note if the octree, "tutor.oct", is not present, an error will |
534 |
result as it is needed to determine some of the opiton settings.)\0 |
535 |
.PP |
536 |
Different option combinations have specific uses, ie: |
537 |
.IP "" .2i |
538 |
.br |
539 |
rad -v 0 sample.rif OPT=samp.opt # build octree, put options in "sample.opt" |
540 |
.br |
541 |
rad -n -e -s sample.rif > full.rif # make a complete rad file |
542 |
.br |
543 |
rad -n sample.rif > script.sh # make a script of commands |
544 |
.br |
545 |
rad -V -v Zl -n -s sample.rif > plan.vf # make a plan view file |
546 |
.br |
547 |
rad -t sample.rif # update files after minor change to input |
548 |
.br |
549 |
rad -s sample.rif & # execute silently in the background |
550 |
.PP |
551 |
If we decide that the default values |
552 |
.I rad |
553 |
has chosen for our variables are not all appropriate, we can add |
554 |
some more assignments to the file: |
555 |
.IP "" .3i |
556 |
.nf |
557 |
QUAL= MED # default was low |
558 |
DET= low # default was medium - our space is almost empty |
559 |
PEN= True # we want to see soft shadows from our window |
560 |
VAR= hi # daylight can result in fairly harsh lighting |
561 |
view= XYa -vv 120 # let's try a fisheye view |
562 |
PICT= tutor # our picture name will be "tutor_XYa.pic" |
563 |
.fi |
564 |
.PP |
565 |
Note the use of abbreviations, and the modification of a standard |
566 |
view. |
567 |
Now we can invoke |
568 |
.I rad |
569 |
to take a look at our scene interactively with |
570 |
.I rview: |
571 |
.IP "" .2i |
572 |
rad -o x11 sample.rif |
573 |
.PP |
574 |
.I Rad |
575 |
will run |
576 |
.I oconv |
577 |
first to create the octree (assuming it doesn't |
578 |
already exist), then |
579 |
.I rview |
580 |
with a long list of options. |
581 |
Let's say that from within |
582 |
.I rview, |
583 |
we wrote out the view files "view1.vp" and "view2.vp". |
584 |
We could add these to "sample.rif" like so: |
585 |
.IP "" .2i |
586 |
.nf |
587 |
view= vw1 -vf view1.vp # Our first view |
588 |
view= vw2 -vf view2.vp # Our second view |
589 |
RESOLUTION= 1024 # Let's go for a higher resolution result |
590 |
.fi |
591 |
.PP |
592 |
To start |
593 |
.I rview |
594 |
again using vw2 instead of the default, we use: |
595 |
.IP "" .2i |
596 |
rad -o x11 -v vw2 sample.rif |
597 |
.PP |
598 |
Once we are happy with the variable settings in our file, we can run |
599 |
.I rad |
600 |
in the background to produce one image for each view: |
601 |
.IP "" .2i |
602 |
rad sample.rif REP=5 >& errfile & |
603 |
.PP |
604 |
This will report progress every five minutes to "errfile". |
605 |
.SH FILES |
606 |
$(PICTURE)_$(view).unf Unfinished output of |
607 |
.I rpict |
608 |
.SH AUTHOR |
609 |
Greg Ward |
610 |
.SH BUGS |
611 |
Incremental building of octrees is not supported as it would add |
612 |
considerable complexity to |
613 |
.I rad. |
614 |
Complicated scene builds should still be left to |
615 |
.I make(1), |
616 |
which has a robust mechanism for handling hierarchical |
617 |
dependencies. |
618 |
If |
619 |
.I make |
620 |
is used in this fashion, then only the |
621 |
"OCTREE" variable of |
622 |
.I rad |
623 |
is needed. |
624 |
.PP |
625 |
The use of some |
626 |
.I pfilt |
627 |
options is awkward, since the "EXPOSURE" variable results in a |
628 |
single pass invocation (the |
629 |
.I \-1 |
630 |
option of |
631 |
.I pfilt\) |
632 |
and two passes are necessary for certain effects, such as star |
633 |
patterns. |
634 |
The way around this problem is to specify |
635 |
a "RAWFILE" that is the same as the "PICTURE" variable so that no |
636 |
filtering takes place, then call |
637 |
.I pfilt |
638 |
manually. |
639 |
This is preferable to leaving out the |
640 |
"EXPOSURE" variable, since the exposure level is needed to |
641 |
accurately determine the ambient value for |
642 |
.I rpict. |
643 |
.PP |
644 |
The use of upper and lower case naming for the standard views may be |
645 |
problematic on systems that don't distinguish case in filenames. |
646 |
.SH "SEE ALSO" |
647 |
glrad(1), make(1), mkillum(1), objview(1), oconv(1), |
648 |
pfilt(1), raddepend(1), ranimate(1), |
649 |
rholo(1), rpict(1), rtrace(1), rview(1), touch(1), vgaimage(1), ximage(1) |